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selective attention
you’re only consciously paying attention to a small portion of sensory stimuli
cocktail party effect
you are unconsciously processing all of the stimuli
hear everything but your brain is a filter
change blindness
you are unaware of even significant changes b/c your attention is a spotlight (focuses on one thing and ignores everything else)
gestalt
there’s a pattern we unknowingly follow to make order out of chaos
1) figure ground
2) grouping
figure ground
pulls an image forward and its background back
proximity
groups things that are near each other
similarity
things that are similar get grouped together
continuity
things that overlap/are continuous are interrupted
connectedness
things that are touching are grouped together
closure
brain fills in missing gaps
depth perception
ability to see objects in 3 dimensions although the images that strike the retina are 2 dimensional; allows us to judge distance
binocular cues
depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of 2 eyes
retinal disparity
getting 2 slightly different messages on 2 slightly different retina to send depth info to brain
convergence
eye muscles turn in (converge) as smth gets closer, sending depth info to the brain
monocular depth cues
distance cues, such as linear perspective and overlap, available to either eye alone
-relative size, interposition, relative clarity, texture gradient, relative height, relative motion, linear perspective, light and shadow
relative size
if we assume that 2 objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away
interposition
if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer
relative clarity
hazy objects= far, while sharp and clear objects= close
texture gradient
coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture = increasing distance
relative height
the higher the object, the farther we perceive it
relative motion/motion parallax
as we move, objects may appear to move
objects beyond our eyes’s fixation pnt appear to move w/you —> farther= lower apparent speed
linear perspective
parallel lines appear to converge with distance
increase convergence= increase distance
light and shadow
dimmer objects seem farther away b/c nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes
motion perception
stroboscopic movement and phi phenomenon
stroboscopic movement
brain interprets a rapid series of slightly varying images as continuous movement
phi phenomenon
an illusion of movement created when 2+ adjacent lights blink on and off in succession
shape constancy
we perceive the form of familiar objects as constant even while our retinal images of them change
e.g: shadow of a door becomes more trapezoidal as we open it, but we still perceive it as rectangular (like the door)
size constancy
objects size = constant, even while our distance from them varies
e.g: car 10 blocks away is still large
lightness constancy
we perceive an object as having a constant lightness, even when its illumination varies
e.g: white paper is still white in the dark
relative luminescence
amnt of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings
even though the retina is interpreting varying shapes/sizes of an object based on its shadows/reflections, we perceive familiar objects as constant
perceptual adaptation
in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
e.g: getting used to new glasses
perceptual set
context influences perception
depends on the order in which info is presented to you
human factors psychology
explores how ppl and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors
Eleanor Gibson
discovered that depth perception is partially innate based on the visual cliff experiment results
visual cliff experiment
placing a glass covered table w/ a cliff edge, creating the illusion of a drop off, and observing whether subjects avoid stepping off the edge or not
showed that infants could perceive depth using visual clues even before they were able to crawl (around 6 months)