Chapter 10: TCP/IP Fundamentals

Range Subnet Mask
1–127 255.0.0.0

Public IP Addresses
Class A
Range:
Subnet Mask:

Range Subnet Mask
128–191 255.255.0.0

Public IP Addresses
Class B
Range:
Subnet Mask:

Range Subnet Mask
192–223 255.255.255.0

Public IP Addresses
Class C
Range:
Subnet Mask:

Range Subnet Mask
10.0.0.0–10. 255.255.255 255.0.0.0

Private IP Addresses
Class A
Range:
Subnet Mask:

Range Subnet Mask
172.16.0.0–172.31 .255.255 255.255.0.0

Private IP Addresses
Class B
Range:
Subnet Mask:

Range Subnet Mask
192.168.0.0–192.168. 255.255 255.255.255.0

Private IP Addresses
Class C
Range:
Subnet Mask:

Address consists of four octets

IPv4

An eight-bit, or one-byte, value

octet

support up to 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks

Class A Network

support up to 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks

Class B Network

support up to 24 hosts on each of 2 million networks

Class C Network

A network within a network

subnetwork

A number similar to an IP address used to determine in which subnetwork a particular
IPv4 address belongs

subnet mask

The address of the computer that provides a connection to the Internet

default gateway address

private company to which domain-name registration privileges are given.

Registrar

private, not-for-profit organization that coordinates the assignment of
domain names and IP addresses.

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

branch of the United States government under the direction of the
Department of Commerce that was responsible for regulating the Internet, overseeing the
issue of domain names, and assigning IP addresses to them

Integrated Network Information Center (InterNIC)

In a DNS structure, .gov is referred to as a

top-level domain

combination of a host name and a domain name,

Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)

In a DNS structure, mit.edu would be

second-level domain

In a DNS structure, faculty.mit.edu would be

subdomain

a software program located on a host that queries a DNS server to resolve a
host name to an IP address

resolver

service that resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

system that associates a domain name with an IP address

Domain Name System (DNS)

A service that assigns IP addresses dynamically to a machine when the machine connects
to the network.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP

protocol that translates private network addresses into an assigned Internet address

Network Address Translation (NAT)

A service that finds the MAC address of a host when the IP address is known.

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

service that resolves NetBIOS names to IP addressess

Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS)

An IP address in the range from 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.25

APIPA

Automatically assigning IP addresses

dynamic addressing

An IP address that is issued automatically, typically when the computer boots and joins
the network

dynamic IP assignment

Assigning an IP address manually

static addressing

An IP address that is entered manually for each host on the network

static IP assignment

A number associated with the TCP/IP protocol and used to create a virtual connection
between two computers running TCP/IP

port number

The address 192.168.20.45:80 is an example of

socket

Ports 0 through 1023 are referred to as

well-known number

Ports 1024 and higher are referred to as

upper-level port numbers

Port Number
FTP

20,21

Port Number
SSH

22

Port Number
Telnet

23

Port Number
SMTP

25

Port Number
DNS

53

Port Number
TFTP

69

Port Number
HTTP

80

Port Number
POP

110

Port Number
NNTP

119

Port Number
NTP

123

Port Number
IMAP4

143

Port Number
HTTPS

443

Port Number
SNMP

161

Port Number
RDP

3389

Uses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

IPv4

IPSec for security is optional

IPv4

Consists of four octets separated by periods

IPv4

Uses Type of Services (TOS) field in header plus UDP and TCP packets to deliver time-
sensitive data

IPv4

Uses the Neighbor Discovery protocol

IPv6

IPSec for security is mandatory

IPv6

Uses 128-bit addresses

IPv6

Consists of four-digit hexadecimal numbers divided by colons

IPv6

Improved quality of service

IPv6

Contains header information that allows routers to immediately identify the packet
priority

IPv6

MAC address (MAC) or an EUI-64 identifier (EUI-64)

24-bit manufacturer’s ID and 24-bit unique identifier

MAC

MAC address (MAC) or an EUI-64 identifier (EUI-64)

24-bit manufacturer’s ID and 40-bit unique ID

EUI-64

MAC address (MAC) or an EUI-64 identifier (EUI-64)

Modified to fit inside a 64-bit frame

MAC

MAC address (MAC) or an EUI-64 identifier (EUI-64)

The last 64 bits of an IPv6 address

EUI-64

Global

Unique Local

Link Local

anycast address

Delivers packets to the nearest interface and is used mainly for supporting router
functions

multicast address

Delivers packets to multiple addresses

unicast address

Delivers packets to a single network address

starts with 2000: or is written as 2000:/3

global unicast

same function as IPv4 private addresses

site-local unicast

starts with FE80 or FE80::/64

Network Discovery feature requires to function

link-local unicast

unique-local unicast

starts with FC00

127.0.0.1

IPv4 loopback address

(any) 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1, ::1

IPv6 loopback address

0.0.0.0

IPv4 unspecified address

0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0

IPv6 unspecified address

224.0.0.252

IPv4 multicast destination address

ff02::1:3

IPv6 multicast destination address

An IPv6 transition mechanism that provides a means of communicating across the IPv4
Internet while preserving the original IPv6 assigned address of the network device

6to4

node-to-node and node-to-router technology used for existing IPv4 network devices to
eliminate the need to upgrade these devices

ISATAP

network address translator that creates a tunnel that allows incoming IPv6 traffic
through a firewall designed for IPv4

Teredo

Lists IP addresses resolved to MAC addresses

arp

Displays the TCP/IP settings on a UNIX/Linux computer

ifconfig

Displays the TCP/IP settings on a Windows 2000 and later computer

ipconfig

Displays NetBIOS over TCP statistics

nbtstat

Displays current TCP/IP and port statistics

netstat

An advanced ping utility that displays all the hops from source to destination

tracert

Queries domain servers and shows domain names and IP addresses

nslookup

Queries domain servers to obtain information about domain names and IP addresses

nlslookup

Sends a packet from one host to another on a network and then echoes a return reply

ping

Provides detailed information about network traffic

tcdump

Displays the approximate hop lapse times between points along a route

traceroute/tracert