Module 5: Solid Waste Management

solid waste

left-over, redundant product of no or marginal value for the owner and the owner wants to discard

solid waste; RA 9003

garbage or discarded materials generated from household, commercial, institutional, agricultural, and industrial activities or operations including street sweepings, construction debris, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste; definition from?

solid waste management; RA 9003

discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes; definition from?

RA 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

full name of RA 9003R

RA 9003

an act providing for an ecological SWM program, creating necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes

National Solid Waste Management Commission

established due to RA 9003

compostables, recyclables, special wastes, and residuals

classification of waste by RA 9003

1: polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

plastic that can store food again

2: high density polytethylene (HDPE)

may not be reused for food

3: polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

hard to recycle because of high amounts of chlorine and other additivies like plasticizers

4: low density polyehylene (LDPE)

lightweight so hard to collect and not competitive recycled prize

5: polypropylene (PP)

may not be reused for food

6: polystyrene

absorbs oil and grease readily from food, so not recyclable

7: other

usually low worth and unspecified so not recycled easily

7: multilayer film sachets

not easy to recycle because it is made of a collection of different types of plastics and sometimes includes metal layer; also has ink that may be contaminant so harder to recycle

recyclables > recycling facility > junkyards/factories;

compostables > gardens/farms;

special wastes > material recovery facility > residuals management;

non-recyclables > collection by municipality/city level > residuals management

conceptual framework of RA 9003

1. SP-2140 — Plastic Bag Reduction Ordinance (environmental fee of Php 2.00 for use), regulates use of plastic bags

2. SP-2130 — Mandates businesses to display notice that encourages customers to bring own reusable bags

3. SP-2868 — Total Plastic Ban in Retail (No option to pay fee for plastic bag, only exception is to wrap unpacked fresh/cooked foods)

4. SP-2876 — Total Ban for single-use plastics/disposable materials in all hotels and restaurants in QC

ordinances on plastics

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Act of 2022 (RA 11898)

act institutionalizing extended producer responsibility on plastic packaging waste, amending for this purpose RA No. 9003

visualize elements of a SWM system

waste generation rate; kg/cap/day

amount of waste generated per person per day, good for waste reduction strategies; units

90%

in low-income countries, over ____ of waste is mismanaged

3.6 million

projected waste generation in NCR and Region 4A each

residential

contributes majority of various sources of MSW

biodegradables

contributes majority of MSW fractions

avoidance > reduction > reuse > recycling > recovery > treatment > safe disposal

waste management hierarchy from most preferred to least preferred

avoidance, reduction, reuse, recycling

most preferred options under waste management hierachy

recovery, treatment, safe disposal

least preferred options under waste management hierachy

avoidance, reduction, reuse, recycling

components under waste management hierarchy in which household/commercial generators have direct responsibility

reuse, recycling, recovery

components under waste management hierarchy in which barangays have direct responsibility

recycling, recovery, treatment, safe disposal

components under waste management hierarchy in which municipalities/cities have direct responsibility

treatment, safe disposal

components under waste management hierarchy in which provinces/metro/first-class cities have direct responsibility

refuse, reduce, reuse, repurpose, recycle

5 Rs

1. effect of storage on waste

2. type of container

3. container location

4. public health and aesthetics

considerations in onsite storage

waste collection

gathering or picking up of solid wastes from various sources; hauling of wastest to location where contents are emptied/unloaded

curbside collection and drop-off center

types of collection

1. container size

2. time until decay and emit foul odor

3. length of fly-breeding cycle

considerations in frequency of garbage collection

false

true or false: heavily traveled streets should ideally be trash collected during rush hours

true

true or false: higher elevations should be at start of garbage collection route

materials recovery facility

facility where recyclables are sorted accdg to materials and recycling mkt demands; sorting, recycling, composting

recovery rate

percent of recyclables recovered from original waste stream

composting

transformation of organic material through decomposition into biologically humus-rich substance suitable for plant growth; aided by invertebrates and microorganisms

green/wet materials

fruit and veg scraps, eggshells, teabags, tea leaves, fresh green grass clippings and plant trimmings, garden refuse, green grass clippings, coffee grounds

nitrogen

element attributed to green/wet materials for compost

brown/dry materials

chopped dry leaves, dried grass clippings, wood shavings or sawdust, nuts and shells, untreated coffee paper filters, pinecones, pine needles, shredded newspaper and other paper products, twigs, peanut shells

carbon

element associated with brown/dry materials for compost

vermicomposting

using worms to recycle food scraps and other organic material

vermicompost

compost made using worms

windrow composting

piling organic matter or biodegradable waste in long rows

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch

massive vortex of plastic litter in north central Pacific Ocean formed as a result of massive plastic pollution in oceans

uncontrolled dumpsites > controlled dumpsites > sanitary landfills

supposed evolution of landfills accdg to RA 9003

2021

when open dumpsites in the Philippines should have been closedo

open dumpsite

dumpsite operated and used with the least consideration to environmental protection

sanitary landfilling

method of disposing refuse on land without creating nuisance or hazards to public health safety by utilizing engineering principles

sanitary landfilling

confine the refuse to the smallest possible volume and cover it periodically with layer of earth

sanitary landfilling

engineered site where waste is isolated from environment below ground or on top until safe and completely degraded biologically, chemically, and physically

1. pit lining

2. daily cover

3. no scavenging

4. record-keeping

5. post closure plan and monitoring

6. protective engineering works

7. environmental monitoring

components of a sanitary landfill that distinguish it from open dump

1. costing

2. site selection

3. design

4. construction

5. operation

6. closure

7. post-closure

landfill stages

Not in my backyard

NIMBY meaning

Locally Undesirable Land Uses

LULU meaning

false

true or false: sanitary landfill site must be inaccessible from major roadways or thoroughfares to isolate it from residential areas

true

true or false: sanitary landfill site must have an adequate quanityto f earth cover material that is easily handled and compacted

true

true or false: sanitary landfill site must be chosen with regard for sensitivities of community residents

false

true or false: it is fine to compromise the environmentally sensitive resources around the landfill area

5 years

how long should sanitary landfill site be able to accommodate community’s wastes

true

true or false: sanitary landfill must have a separate containment area for household hazardous wastes

leachate

highly toxic liquid produced in disposal sites, increasing in quanity with rainwater presence

4,000—100,000 mg/L

chemical oxygen demand of production of leachate

CH4 and CO2

landfill gases produced by sanitary landfills

leachate

liquid that has percolated through solid waste and extracted dissolved or suspended materials

liner system

placed on the bottom and lateral sides of landfill to act as barrier against transport of leachate solutes, isolate solid waste, and prevent contamination of surrounding osil and groundwater

liner system

most important element of landfill

1. compacted clay liners (CCL)

2. geomembranes

3. geosynthetic clay liners (GCL)

types of liners

compacted clay liners (CCL)

low permeability soils (clays, silty-clays, clayey sands, silty sands, soil-bentonite mixtures)

geomembranes

low permeability material that is thin and flexible

geosynthetic clay liners (GCL)

composite liner comprised of two or more low-permeability components made of different materials in ocntact with each other

geotextile

permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of txetitles, usually made of polypropylene or polyester polymers formed into fibers or yarns and finally into a woven or nonwoven fabric

geonet

geosynthetic material similar in structure to geogrid, consisting of integrally connected parallel sets of ribs overlying similar sets at various angles for in-plane drainage of liquids or gases

leachate collection and removal system (LCRS)

used to collect leachate produced in landfill to prevent buildup of leachate head on liner and to drain leachate to wastewater treatment plant by sanitary sewer line

leachate collection pond

designed to catch leachate that can get into water bodies that goes through trash in a landfill

1. pre-treatment

2. recirculation

3. biological treatment

4. natural attenuation

leachate treatment stages

1. aeration

2. activated sludge

3. trickling filter

types of biological leachate treatment

methane and carbon dioxide

2 primary gas constituents in landfill

gas collection and control system

used to collect landfill gas during decomposition of organic components of solid waste

Payatas Controlled Disposal Facility

approximately 22 ha, composed of two dumpsites, old and new, 35-40 meters high, no bottom liners, landfill in QC

Philippine National Oil Corporation

collaborated with city government to set a 100-kW pilot methane powerp lant at Payatasa Controlled Disposal Facility

certified emission reduction

CER meaning

clean development mechanism

CER produced by developing countries > (CER/carbon trading) > industrialized countries > (goal) > emission reduction targets under Kyoto Protocol

1 ton CO2

1 CER equivalent in CO2

scalehouse/weighbridge

approaching landfill scale, register, weigh, and check vehicles entering site

scalehouse/weighbridge

heart of SWM information system; can be computerized for oversight and data analysis

1400 lb/yd3

ideal compaction rate

6”

total thickness of compacted waste

daily, intermediate, and final

types of landfill covers

daily cover

covers that spread 1-ft thick clay soil, compact to 6 in or 150mm; alternatively, plastic tarp, comeercially available foams, hydromulch

daily cover

covers that prevent littering of waste, bad odor from spreading, and harmful vectors like flies from breeding

daily cover

usually permeable and porous sand types are used for this cover to ensure easy spreading and compaction of solid wastes, stabilize landfill waste layers, and not hinder decomposition

intermediate covers

covers that provide foundation for roads for collection vehicles and draining rainwater away from landfill sites which are left to be exposed for long

intermediate covers

usually clayey soil used to prevent gases from dispersing or rainwater from seeping into waste layers; if for foundation, crusher stones are more recommended; around 30-60cm thick

final cover

consists of barrier and drainage layers, to minimize water infiltration into landfill to reduce amount of leachate generated after closure

daily: 0.15 m

intermediate: 0.30 m

final: 0.60 m

recommended depths of cover types