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Who is credited with spreading “Lindomania” through a series of astute show-business moves?
American showman P.T. Barnum
In 2009, AT&T estimated that _______ text traffic amounted to 178 million messages.
American Idol / idol-related
_______ refers to a message transmitted to a large audience; the means of transmission is known as _______.
Mass Communication, Mass Media
Media fulfills several roles in society. Which of the following is not one of these roles?
All of these roles are media (serving as a public forum for the discussion of important issues; acting as a watchdog for government, business, and other institutions; entertaining and providing an outlet for the imagination; educating and informing)
Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg
What are the five kinds of convergence that media theorist Henry Jenkins identified?
Economic convergence
Organic convergence
Cultural convergence
Global convergence
Technological convergence
________ influence culture by deciding which stories are considered newsworthy.
Gatekeepers
What has undermined the traditional role of the tastemaker?
The digital age
An abundance of mass communication without some form of filtration can lead to _______?
Information overload
What is the ability to decode and process media messages?
Media literacy
_____ ______ refers to the many ways individuals and society may be influenced by both news and entertainment mass media, including film, television, radio, newspapers, books, magazines, websites, video games, and music.
Media effects
Media messages can range from _____ and _____ messages.
Overt, Implied
The study and use of ______ has had an enormous influence on the role of persuasion in the modern mass media.
Propaganda
Governments, corporations, nonprofit organizations, and political campaigns rely on both new and old media to ____ ______ and to send them to the general public.
Create messages
_____ _____ and _____ ________ theories deal with how media consumers’ perceptions of reality can be influenced by media messages.
Media logic, Cultivation analysis
What are the five media research methods (practical procedures) for carrying out a research project?
Content analysis
Surveys
Focus groups
Experiments
Participant observation
An ____ ______ is fully aware of media messages and makes informed decisions about how to process and interact with media.
Active audience
Audience ______ is vital to media studies.
Interpretation
What is a good example of the ways that media can bolster political opinion?
Coverage
Media scholars who specialize in ____-____ research study the salience, or relative importance, of an issue and then attempt to understand what causes it to be important.
Agenda-setting
_____, the largest online library, gets the bulk of its free digital books from the public domain, which constitutes approximately 15 percent of all books.
Google Books
A book’s wholesale price is usually ____ its hardcover list price.
Half
________ refers to the publishing industry’s focus on books with best-seller potential at the expense oof works that may not sell as well; a system that evaluates books on their commercial potential rather than their literary merit.
Blockbuster syndrome
Dissatisfied with the widespread 1950s ideals of conformity and homogeneity, ____ authors wrote in a freewheeling, informal style and proudly described their drug use and sexual exploits.
Beat generation
______ were increasingly the subjects and audiences of popular novels published in the U.S. in the late 18th century.
Women
By 2010, roughly 60 percent of all books sold in the United States were published by _____ large publishing houses.
Six
______ law specifies the ways in which a work (or parts of a work) under copyright could legally be used by someone other than the copyright holder for “purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.”
Fair-use
____ allows a person, usually the creator, the right to exclude others from copying, distributing, and selling a work.
Copyright
It is difficult to overstate the importance of Gutenberg’s invention of _____ in 1448 and the effect it had on the world.
Mechanical movable type
According to a 2004 report by the National Endowment for the Arts, households that _____ more, read less.
Watched television
Current newspapers are in a perilous position: traditional readership is declining even as papers are struggling to create _____ profitable business model.
Online
Scholars commonly credit the _____ with publishing the first newspaper, Acta Diurna, or daily doings, in 59 BCE.
Romans
The _____ press drove down the price of printed materials and, for the first time, made them accessible to a mass market.
Moveable type
Daily news publications, which employed the relatively new format of _____ and the embellishment of illustrations, turned papers into vital fixtures in the everyday lives of citizens.
Headlines
During the American Revolutionary War, colonial newspapers published information representing opposing viewpoints, creating the _____.
Partisan press
The _____ states that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceable to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances."
First Amendment
Joseph Pulitzer developed a new journalistic style that relied on ____—stories focused on crime, violence, emotion, and sex.
Sensationalism
The New York Times became the first of many papers to demonstrate that the press could be “economically as well as _____ successful."
Ethically
The _____ style of news writing requires objectivity and involves structuring a story so that the most important details are listed first for ease of reading.
Inverted pyramid
_____ journalism provides the public with information about government officials or business owners in an effort to hold those officials to high standards of operation.
Watchdog
Early magazines of the 17th century occupied the middle ground between _____ and pleasure reading.
News
The first American magazines debuted in 1741, when Andrew Bradford’s American Magazine and Benjamin Franklin’s _____ began publication in Philadelphia.
General Magazine
Which of the following did not contribute to the success of mass-appeal magazines?
Decreased advertising rates
Time became the first real _____ that focused on world news, with the proposition that “people are uninformed because no publication has adapted itself to the time which busy men are able to spend simply keeping informed.
Newsmagazine
For the first time in U.S. history, mass circulation of _____ allowed news, stories, consumer goods, and fashions to be diffused and advertised to widespread, rather than regional, audiences, uniting the country as geographically diverse consumers read the same stories and saw the same advertisements.
Magazines
Typically focused on television, film, and music, _____ magazines emerged as national entertainment during the early 20th century.
Fan
Seventeen magazine hit shelves in 1944, setting the stage for later _____ such as Tiger Beat and Teen People which targeted young women, offering stories on fashion, makeup, celebrity news, and lifestyles.
Teen magazines
_____ readers have been important to the magazine industry since the early 19th century, initially because they were not traditionally part of the workforce and were believed to have more leisure time to read.
Female
Over the last century, magazines have slowly moved into more specialized, fragmented groupings to survive the threat of _____; magazine editors found that by specializing they were also appealing to advertisers hoping to target audience groups by gender, age, race, class, and social and cultural interests.
Broadcast media
One of the first print magazines to move to an entirely online form was _____ in 2009; its reasons for the transition were financial rather than creative.
PC Magazine
_____ were the stars of the 19th century, and their music generated most of the sheet music sales in the United States.
Opera singers
In 19th century America, a popular genre of recordings was _____—a form of variety entertainment containing short acts featuring singers, dancers, magicians, and comedians that opened new doors for publishers to sell songs popularized by the live shows.
Vaudeville
The Tin Pan Alley tradition of hiring songwriters to compose music based on public demand and mainstream tastes introduced the concept of _____ music as we know it.
Popular
_____ music adapted African musical heritage to an American environment, dealing with themes of personal adversity, overcoming hard luck, and other emotional turmoil.
Blues
In the 1950s, _____ threatened radio; the radio industry adapted by focusing on music, joining forces with the recording industry to survive.
Television
_____ was a common practice in radio; it's the illegal practice of receiving payment from a record company for broadcasting a particular song on the radio.
Payola
Producer and songwriter Berry Gordy Jr. developed soul music through the creation of his _____ label, which would become one of the most successful businesses owned by a Black individual in American history.
Motown
Releasing a cover of a Black performer’s song by a White performer was known as _____ a hit.
Hijacking
Despite a massive loss in profits over the past decade, the global music business still comprises a powerful _____—a market condition in which a few firms dominate most of an industry’s production and distribution.
Oligopoly
Recording artists often focus on live performances and_____, which have become their main source of revenue.
Merchandise
In 1926, the National Broadcasting Network (NBC) formed the _____ radio networks--groups of stations that carried syndicated programs and a variety of local shows.
Red and Blue
The _____ established the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) to oversee regulation of the airwaves.
Radio Act of 1927
One of the first acts of the _____ was to reallocate station bandwidths to correct interference problems.
Federal Radio Commission (FRC)
By the late 1930s, due to radio’s ability to emotionally draw its audiences in close to events, the popularity of radio news broadcasts surpassed that of _____.
Newspapers
The Communications Act of 1934 created the _____ who ruled RCA must sell its NBC Blue network; this spun-off division became the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) in 1943.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
In 1940, the FCC reserved a set of frequencies in the lower range of the FM radio spectrum for _____ purposes as part of its regulation of the new spectrum.
Public education
The Fairness Doctrine, in effect from 1949 to 1987, required any station broadcasting a political point of view over the air to allow _____ to all reasonable dissenting views.
Equal time
_____'s reach made it an instrument of social cohesion as it brought together members of different classes and backgrounds to experience the world as a nation.
Radio
Although some have accused _____ of presenting the news with a liberal bias, its listenership in 2005 was 28 percent conservative, 32 percent liberal, and 29 percent moderate.
National Public Radio (NPR)
One of the most notable and far-reaching programming innovations in radio was the _____ station, a concept that supposedly came from watching jukebox patrons continually play the same songs.
Top 40
