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Aging population
demographic trend that occurs as the average age of a population rises
Agricultural population density
ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
Anti Natalist population policies
policy to discourage people from having children and to reduce the fertility rate of a population
Arithmetic population density
total number of people divided by the total land area
Asylum seekers
people who seek refugee status in another country
Brain Drain
the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country.
Carrying capacity
largest population that an environment or resources can support at any given time
Chain migration
migration in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community
Contraceptive
intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Demographic transition model (DTM)
model of demographic change based on Europe's population in the eighteenth through twentieth centuries
Dependency ratio
number of people under age 15 and over age 64 (the dependent population) compared to the number of people active in the labor force (the independent population)
Epidemiological transition model (ETM)
model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Forced migration
human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate due to environmental, cultural, or political factors
Guest worker
foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society
internally displaced persons
people forcibly driven from their homes into a different part of their country
Internal migration
permanent movement within a particular country
Interregional migration
permanent movement from one region of a country to another region
Intervening opportunities/obstacles
environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration, or a feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than their original one
Intraregional migration
permanent movement within one region of a country
Life expectancy
figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
Malthusian Theory
argues that starvation is the inevitable result of population growth because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically
Neo-Malthusians
people who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources
Physiological population density
number of people per unit area of arable land
Population density
measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
Population distribution
how population is spread out in an area
Population-doubling time
number of years it takes a population to double; calculated by dividing the number 72 by the rate of natural increase
Population pyramids
bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
Pro Natalist population policies
policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries where population is declining
Push/pull factors
a force which acts to drive people away from a place and a force that draws them to a new location
Rate of natural increase
annual rate of population growth
Ravenstein's laws of migration
list of 11 laws about why people migrate and the regularities observed
Refugees
people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
Rural-to-urban migration
permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area, usually in developing countries
Sex ratio
ratio of males to females in a population
Slavery
system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people
Step migration
migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
average number of children born to each woman in a given region during the course of her lifetime
Transhumance
movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer
Transnational migration
process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain/build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country
Voluntary migrations
when people wish to move because they wish to improve their economic or social wellbeing and/or gain personal freedom
xenophobia
a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers
gravity model of migration
Inverse relationship between volume of migration and distance from source & destination
Movement
an act of changing physical location for short periods of time, or daily activities