1. law of conservation of mass 2. reactions can be separated, rearranged, or combined 3. each element’s atom is identical and unique in size, mass, etc. 4. elements are composed of atoms
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joseph proust
created law of definite proportions
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law of definite proportions
no matter where you find a compound, the elements within it will always have fixed and consistent proportions by mass
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law of multiple proportions
two elements can combine in different proportions to create various compounds, and the ratios of their masses in these compounds will be simple whole number ratios
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radiation
the emission and transmission of energy through space in waves
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JJ Thomson
discovered electrons
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charge of an electron
\-1.602\*10^-19 coulombs
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who discovered charge of an electron
Robert Milikan
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mass of an electron
9\.10\*10^-28
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Wilhelm Rontgen
discovered x-rays
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Antoine Becquerel
discovered radioactivity
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radioactivity
spontaneous emission of particles
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plum pudding
equal protons and electrons
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proton mass
1\.67\*10^-24
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atomic radius number
100pm
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molecule
two atoms held by chemical forces
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ion
positive or negative charge
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allotropes
one of two or more distinct forms of an element
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molecular models
ball and stick or space filling
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structural formula
shows how elements are bonded in a molecule
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binary compounds
two element compounds
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ternary compounds
three element compounds
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oxoanions
anions of oxoacids
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acid
substance that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
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oxoacids
acids that contain h,o, and central element
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base
substance that yields OH- ions when disolved in water
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hydrates
compounds that have a specific number of water molecules attached to them
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hydrocarbons
simplest organic compound
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functional groups
bonded in a specific way
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atomic mass
mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons
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F.W. Aston
developed mass spectrometer, discovered isotopes
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percent composition formula
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steps to find empirical formula
1. determine grams of element 2. convert grams to moles 3. divide by simplest ratio number if not whole
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what do you need to know to calculate molecular formula
approx. molar mass of compound and empirical formula
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ratio of molar and empirical mass
molar mass / empirical mass
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theoretical yield
actual/percent \* 100%
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percent yield
actual/theo \* 100%
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quanta
atoms and molecules emit energy only in certain quantities
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wave
periodic disturbance that moves through space
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speed of wave
*v*=*f*⋅*λ, distance/time*
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electromagnetic wave
contains electric and magnetic field
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electromagnetic radiation
emission and transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
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quantum
smallest quantity of energy that can be emitted in form of electromagnetic radiation
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relationship formula between energy and frequency in the context of electromagnetic waves
E=hv
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photoelectric effect
electrons are ejected from the surface of certain metals exposed to light of a certain frequency
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photons
particles of light
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how are electrons held together
attractive forces that requires light of certain frequency to break them free
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relationship between the energy of a photon and kinetic energy
hv=KE + W
w = work function
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the more intense the light
greater # of electrons emitted
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higher frequency of light
greater kinetic energy
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particle wave duality
light can be like wave or particles
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emission spectra
continous spectra of radiation emitted by substances
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line spectra
light emission at specific wavelengths
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energy level of electrons in hydrogen
\-Rh(1/n^2)
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Rh
2\.18 \* 10^-18J
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free electron
electron that is infinitely far from nucleus
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ground state
lowest energy state of a system
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excited state
higher than ground
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Rydberg formula
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nodes
amplitude is 0
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relationship between circumference and wavelength
2πr=hλ
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Louis de Broglie
electrons have wavelike properties
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De Broglie wavelength equation
h/mv
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true or false: wave particles can be observed in submicroscopic and macroscopic
false
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heisenburg uncertainty principle
impossible to know mass times volume and position of particle at the same time
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schrodinger
created equation that describes behavior and energy of submicroscopic particles
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wave function symbol
Ψ
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electron density
probability that electron will be in particular region of atom
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atomic orbital
wave function of electron
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quantum numbers
describe distribution of electrons in hydrogen and other atoms
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principal quantum number
integral values
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angular momentum quantum number
shape of orbitals (l)
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magnetic quantum number
orientation of orbital in space and depends on angular momentum quantum number
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electron spin quantum number
value +1/2 or -1/2
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electron configuration rules
pauli exclusion principle → two electrons per orbital with opp spin
hunds rule → when filling up the orbitals, place one electron in each orbital of a sublevel before pairing
aufbau principle → when more protons are added, electrons are added to atomic orbitals as well
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paramagnetic substance
net unpaired spins attracted by magnet
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diamagnetic substance
no net unpaired spins and repel
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odd number of electrons useful rule
will always contain one or more unpaired spins
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noble gas core
noble gas element that almost replaces element being considered
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newlands
law of octaves
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isoelectronic
same # of electrons and ground-state electron configuration
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effective nuclear charge equation
Zeff = Z - *σ*
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expression to remove first electron
3\.94 \* 10^-18J
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expression to remove second electron
8\.72 \* 10^-18J
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ionic radius
radius of cation or anion
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higher the ionization energy
harder to remove electron
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electron affinity
negative energy charge that occurs when electron is accepted by an atom in the gaseous state to form an anion
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how is electron affinity determined
removing additional electrons from anion
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electron affinity trend
increase left and right, decrease up and down
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diagonal relationships
simiplarities between pairs of elements in diff groups and periods