I&C

sociology

study of human society and social relationships

social psychology

study of social interactions, including their origins and effects on individuals and groups

social sciences

study of development, structure, and functioning of human society

Maslow’s hierachy of needs

self-actualization, esteem, love and belonging, safety, psychological

10 basic human values (Schwartz)

benevolence, power, self-direction, stimulation, tradition, security, hedonism, conformity, universalism, achievements

Openness to change

hedonism, stimulation, self-direction

Self-enchantment

power, achievements

Self-transcendence

benevolence, universalism

Conservation

tradition, security, conformity

Weighted additive rule (compensatory decision rules)

weight sum of all relevant attributes of potential alternatives (cognitively demanding)

Tallying rule (compensatory decision rules)

pro/con list (little less demanding)

(Post)materialist value dimensions (inglehart)

Survival vs. self expression and Tradition vs. secular

secular

move away from religious and traditional authority toward more rational, scientific and secular worldview

Socialization hypothesis

The relationship between socioeconomic environment and value priorities does not adjust immediately. There is a substantial delay because someone’s basic values reflect the conditions during ones preadult years. So, value priorities are created during formative years and are relatively stable

Scarcity hypothesis

An individual’s priorities reflect the socioeconomic environment. One places great subjective value on those things that are relatively short supply. Security during formative years will lead to more self-expression and secular values and vice versa.

Intergroup Threat Theory threats

symbolic threat, realistic threat

4 Antecedent of threat (ITT)

intergroup relations (history, power, size), sociocultural (intergroup ties, rules and hierarchy, Schwarz/Inglehart), situational (uncertainty, numbers, support, competition), individual (some individuals more susceptible to threat, Schwartz/Inglehart)

3 Consequences of threat

cognitive responses (group cohesiveness, overestimation bias), emotional response (no empathy for outgroup), behavioral responses (negative: violence, positive: often for own image)

4 Intergroup contact theory

equal status (within the situation of contact), common goals (strong goal-oriented effort), intergroup cooperation, (no competition, but cooperation) support of authorities, law, or custom (anti-prejudice efforts should be the norm

3 elements attitudinal polarization

at least two identifiable groups, attitudinal divergence, attitudinal consistency

Forms of polarization

perceived polarization (extend to which people perceive groups in society to be polarized), affective polarization (extent to which citizens hold both positive ingroup affect and negative outgroup affect), factual belief polarization (disagreement over matters of fact), polarization according to McCoy (people increasingly perceive and describe politics and society in terms of US vs THEM

Looking-glas self + but

self-concept develops based on how others react to different versions of us. But we often misread reaction of other, self-fulfilling prophecy)

self-fulfilling prophecy

a prediction that causes itself to become true.

Social media prism

control over own presentation (perform different identities, update them) + efficient monitoring of social environment (likes, views, comments) + limited cues + tendency to misread social environment = SM bends and refracts our social environment, distorting our sense of self and others

Causal Chain from polarization to democratic erosion

movement polarizing discourse mobilizing new or previously disunited group —> rescued collective actions and affective political polarizing at movement and mass level —> zero-sum perceptions and attitudes; heightened threat perspections —> conflict > cooperation —> tolerance of democratic erosion

Social identity approach

salience —> indentification —> depersonalization (SCT) —> us and them —> perception/feelings behavior towards outgroup (SIT)

Pros of polarization

simplifies voting, strengthens political parties, plurality of interests and identities represented (overall more mobilization, aimed to reduce inequality and injustice)

Tonnies Gemeinschaft (community) vs. Gesellschaft (society)

intimate, personal, exclusive, social integration (generations), social unity (part of a whole), diverse but equal (jobs), safe vs. commercial, individualistic, no place for family, economies ties (self-interest), unequal (capital/labor), unsafe

Durkheim Mechanic vs. organic

small scale, connected through religion, homogeneity, collective awareness, causes solidarity, parallel labor vs. large scale, connected through labor (complex and functional dependency), heterogeneity, individualism, anomie (lack of shared norms), competitive labor

Shifting nature of identities Traditional

given, taken for granted, powerful but hidden, essential

Shifting nature of identities modern

determined and structured, polarized/dichotomized, predictable, essentializing

Shifting nature of identities postmodern

chosen, multiple/fragmenting, chaotic, de-essentializing

Types of Social Action (Weber)

instrumentally rational (fully calculated, all factors taken into account and weighted), value-rational (conscious choice based on values and belief, not always optimal choice), affectual (emotions and feelings), traditional (based on what is learned and ingrained, habits and norms, automatic behavior