U.S History - Unit #5 : The Progressive Movement

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

manifest destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

American Frontier

The western Edge of America

mail order catalogs

Marketing strategy developed in late 1800's and early 1900's. Brought consumer products to rural areas. Example: Sears and Roebuck, Montgomery Ward. There was also the rise of the department store when people could buy many goods and services under one roof. All of this was linked to the move to the cities as urbanization occurred and with that more diverse populations within cities that supplied a variety of services and entertainments

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800's. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

urban slums

Developed as a result of mass movement of farmers to cities and dramatic rise in immigration. Consisted mainly of overcrowded and unsanitary tenement.

infrastructure

is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise,[1] or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function.

What were the problems of increased urbanization?

The workers of industry were earning low income and often had cycles of unemployment. As well, they suffered poor working and living conditions.

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

unsafe work conditions

Negative effects of industrialization

unsafe products

government did not regulate products

solution: pure food and drug act, meat inspection act

environmental problems

Please list!

deforestation

Destruction of forests

air and water pollution

Environmental factors

overgrazing

Destruction of vegetation caused by too many grazing animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover

extractive industries

industries such as agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining in which a raw product is taken from the environment

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

political bosses

People who run political machines- controls votes and didicates appointments; has a reputation of corruption

political machines

"bosses" who ran the machines in the cities, they appealed to most immigrants, most were 1st and 2nd generation immigrants so they could speak the language and understand them, and they helped new immigrants with naturalization, housing and jobs. In return immigrants gave them votes.

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism == Boss Tweed

patronage

One of the key inducements used by party machines. A patronage job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone.

civil service

A collective term for the body of employees working for the government. Generally, civil services is understood to apply to all those who gain government employment through a merit system

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Jim Crow laws

Any of the laws legalizing racial segregation of blacks and whites that were enacted in Southern states beginning in the 1880s and enforced through the 1950's

suffrage

The legal right to vote, extended to African Americans by the Fifteenth Amendment, to women by the Nineteenth Amendment, and to people over the age of 18 by the Twenty-sixth Amendment.

child labor

Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories., Business owners used this kind of labor because they could spend less on their salaries

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

temperance movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption -- Prohibition, Reform movement begun in the 1800's that fought to ban alcohol in the U.S. This movement led to the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920.

Progressivism

Progressivism is the term applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems rapid industrialization introduced to America. Progressivism began as a social movement and grew into a political movement. The early progressives rejected Social Darwinism. In other words, they were people who believed that the problems society faced (poverty, violence, greed, racism, class warfare) could best be addressed by providing good education, a safe environment, and an efficient workplace. Progressives lived mainly in the cities, were college educated, and believed that government could be a tool for change. Social reformers, like Jane Addams, and journalists, like Jacob Riis and Ida Tarbel, were powerful voices for progressivism. They concentrated on exposing the evils of corporate greed, combating fear of immigrants, and urging Americans to think hard about what democracy meant. Other local leaders encouraged Americans to register to vote, fight political corruption, and let the voting public decide how issues should best be addressed (the initiative, the referendum, and the recall). On a national level, progressivism gained a strong voice in the White House when Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901. TR believed that strong corporations were good for America, but he also believed that corporate behavior must be watched to ensure that corporate greed did not get out of hand (trust-busting and federal regulation of business). Progressivism ended with World War I when the horrors of war exposed people's cruelty and many Americans associated President Woodrow Wilson's use of progressive language ("the war to make the world safe for democracy") with the war.

Why did Progressive oppose Social Darwinists?

Please explain.

Social Darwinists

Believers in the idea, popular in the late nineteenth century, that people gained wealth by "survival of the fittest." Therefore, the wealthy had simply won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor, and indeed service to the poor would interfere with this organic process. Some social Darwinists also applied this theory to whole nations and races, explaining that powerful peoples were naturally endowed with gifts that allowed them to gain superiority over others. This theory provided one of the popular justifications for U.S. imperial ventures like the Spanish-American war. (579)

(New York State) Tenement House Act 1901

this banned the construction of tenements. New buildings had to have indoor toilets and courtyard as well as other improvements. Lawrence Veiller worked to pass this

White Wings

In New York, the Department of Street Cleaning took charge of garbage collection- the collectors were called the White Wings

National Child Labor Committee

1904 progressive reformers formed a committee to end child labor and set maximum working hours

Judge Ben Lindsey

known as "Kid's Judge" sentenced young offenders "education and good care", Concluded that children were not born with a genetic tendency to crime, they were made good or bad by the environment in which they grew.

Lochner v New York

(1905) This US Supreme Court case debated whether or not New York state violated the liberty of the fourteenth amendment which allowed Lochner to regulate his business when he made a contract. The specific contract Lochner made violated the New York statute which stated that bakers could not work more than 60 hours per week, and more than 10 hours per day. Ultimately, it was ruled that the New York State law was invalid, and interfered with the freedom of contract.

Muller v Oregon

1908 - US Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

worker compensation laws

term for health and safety codes which est. insureance funds, financed by the empolyer which allowed workers injured in accidents to receive payments from these funds

NAACP

- National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peopl

WEB du Bois

A Harvard trained professional who called for equal rights immediately for African Americans. He founded the NAACP that aimed to help African Americans improve.

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Teddy Roosevelt

26th President, from 1901-1909, passed two acts that purified meat, took over in 1901 when McKinley was shot, Progressive and went after trusts, formed the "Bull Moose Party", wanted to build the Panama Canal, and make our Navy (military stronger ) -- Nobel Prize winner, speak softly but carry a big stick...

Square Deal

Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Woodrow Wilson

..., 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Clayton Anti Trust Act

Antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

arbitration

-Roosevelt urged the union and the mine owners to accept arbitratio

John Muir

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

US Forest Service

Established in 1905 (Headed by conservationist Gifford Pinchot) added nearly 150 million acres of national forests, controlled their use, and regulated their harvest

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Federal Reserve System

(WW) 1913 , independent agency in the federal executive branch. Established under the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve System ("Fed") is the central bank of the United States. One of the most powerful agencies in the government, it makes and administers policy for national credit and monetary policies. The Fed supervises and regulates bank functions across the country, thus maintaining a sound and stable banking industry, able to deal with a wide range of domestic and international financial demands

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

18th Amendment

1919, prohibited the non-medical sale of alcohol.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.