history

Pre-Contact North American Native Societies

Societies characterized by varied environmental adaptations, use of natural resources, and diverse languages and cultural practices.

Anasazi

A Pueblo culture known for cliff dwellings and agriculture in arid conditions.

Mississippian culture

A civilization noted for mound-building and extensive trade networks.

Olmec

The 'Mother Culture' of Mesoamerica (1500–400 BCE), known for colossal stone heads and an early writing system.

Mayan civilization

Known for city-states like Tikal and Chichen Itza, advanced mathematics, and a complex writing system.

8 Features of Civilization

Cities, government, religion, social structure, writing, art and architecture, job specialization, and public works.

Hittites

An empire known for ironworking technology and military innovations during 1600–1180 BCE.

Library of Ashurbanipal

One of the earliest libraries, attributed to the Assyrian empire (900–609 BCE), known for its extensive collection of texts.

Cyrus the Great

Founder of the Achaemenid Empire, recognized for his tolerance of cultures.

Byzantine Empire

An empire that survived due to its strategic location, strong military, cultural cohesion, and legal systems.

Golden Age of Islamic Civilization

Period from the 8th to the 13th centuries marked by advances in science, mathematics, and medicine.

Contributions of Islamic Civilization

Advances in algebra, preservation of Greek and Roman texts, and architectural achievements such as mosques.

Greek Thought Contributions

Philosophy, democracy foundations from Athens, advancements in science and medicine, classical arts and architecture.

Hammurabi’s Code

One of the earliest written legal codes, developed in Babylon (1894–539 BCE).

Justinian’s Code

Legal code that formed the basis for legal systems in the Byzantine Empire.

Trade networks of Islamic Civilization

Complex systems connecting Asia, Africa, and Europe, facilitating cultural and economic exchanges.