Studied by 27 people
What are some of the roles the different fats perform in the body?
Build Bone and Muscle Move Ions through Cell Membrane Form Hormones Act as Enzymes
How can fiber help with weight loss?
fiber helps slow down digestion, it also slows down how quickly your body responds to the carbohydrates you eat
What are two instances in which it is possible for whole proteins to be absorbed by the body?
Newborns - Absorb immunoglobins from milk Digestive Disease - Protiens pass through intestinal lining cause inflammation
What happens to excess protein in the diet?
Excess protein is converted into fat
How do carnivores use proteins to get glucose? What is the side effect?
amino acids can be broken down and restructured to form glucose with ammonia waste; excess nitrogen can be toxic and harm kidneys
What are 3 water soluble vitamins and what do they do?
Thiamin B1 - Aids carb and fat metabolism Riboflavin B2 - Aid in electron transport chain Niarin B3 - Important for energy metabolism
Why do carnivores need meat as a source of vitamin A?
Carnivores need meat as a source of vitamin A because it is difficult for them to convert carotene.
What is one of the early signs of a vitamin A deficiency?
Dry skin, Dry eyes, Night Blindness
How are sunlight, vitamin D, and calcium interrelated?
Vitamin D moderates Calcium uptake and is mostly formed by UV activation in the skin
How do copper deficiencies affect the body?
anemia, low body temperature, bone fractures and osteoporosis, low white blood cell count, irregular heartbeat, loss of pigment from the skin, and thyroid problems
Why are herbivores kept on pasture given a salt lick?
Herbivores need a mineral mix because many grasses are low in calcium
What factors affect an adult animals energy needs?
Weight, age, breed, physiological status, activity, and environmental conditions
How does the surface area to volume ratio change with larger animals? How does that affect metabolism?
Larger animals have much smaller surface area to volume ratio, this makes larger animal's metabolisms slower
What is the best feedstuff type to give to a cat? What about a horse? A chicken? A finch?
cat: protein feeds
horse: fiber feeds
chicken: energy feeds
finch: energy feeds
What are 3 benefits to cooking food? What is a drawback?
3 benefits increases digestibility, increases shelf life, and decreases bacterial contamination. A drawback is some vitamins are destroyed by cooking.
Pros and cons of dry food
Advantages of dry food
lower cost
refrigeration is not needed.
Massage of the teeth and gums to help decrease periodontal disease.
Disadvantages
Low moisture
May not be as appealing
What traits distinguish a dog from a wolf?
Dogs have more delicate bones and teeth, floppier ears/tail, and softer coats than wolves
Why is cow’s milk not suitable for puppies?
Cow's milk has too much lactose, not enough fat and protein.
How can food allergies be diagnosed in dogs? What can be done to treat them?
Diagnose by removing suspected food from diet and observing results a few weeks; for treatment, switch to ration without allergen
What causes hip dysplasia? How can it be prevented or treated?
Bad breeding. Overfeeding protein can cause hip dysplasia to worsen. Vitamin C and glucosamine can help, but it is not treatable.
What are 4 foods that are dangerous for dogs and why?
Cat food- too much protein Avocado- diarrhea, vomiting Caffeine- hyperactivity, seizures Yeasted raw dough- expands in stomach
What happens when cats don’t get enough arginine in their diet?
arginine is needed to convert ammonia to urea; deficiency in diet can be fatal through toxin buildup
What causes Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease? What are 4 things that can be done to prevent it?
Interaction of urinary pH, ammonia, magnesium, phosphorus, and low H2O cause crystallization of struvite
1-Balanced diet 2-Lots of fresh water 3-Clean litter box 4-Keep active
What are 3 unique nutritional needs of cats? Why did they develop them?
1. Cat ancestor lost genes for amino acid synthesis, so they must get plenty of a.a. from diet 2. Need more Niacin from diet; because can't make enough Niacin from tryptophan 3. Need Vitamin D3 from food because they can't make it from sun exposure
Where does anaerobic fermentation happen in the horse digestive tract?
Cecum and Colon
How do oxygen use, energy use, fatty acid use, glucose use, lactic acid buildup, and glycogen use change as exercise intensity increases?
As exercise increases, oxygen uptake, energy use, fatty acid use, glucose use, and lactic acid buildup all increase. Glycogen and body fat decrease as exercise intensity increase
What are 4 ways diet should be adjusted to compensate as exercise levels for horses increase?
Supply fat up to 8%, increase size of ration, mineral supplement or salt lick
What can cause developmental orthopedic disease in growing horses? How can it be prevented?
rapid growth, diet imbalance, biochemical stress or trauma, hormonal factors, genetic predisposition
What causes ‘tying up’ in horses? How can ‘tying up’ be treated? How can it be prevented?
Muscle damage due to improper exercise followed by inactivity. Because PSSM is a mutation in glycogen formation, glycogen can build up and crystalize in cells causing an increase in tying up.
What causes HYPP? How is it affected by nutrition? How can it be treated?
HYPP results from a mutation in the muscle's sodium channel
intravenous application of calcium gluconate, bicarbonate and glucose
What causes colic? How can it be prevented? How can it be treated?
Parasites, gas, obstructions. To treat monitor and check vitals, walk the horse and don't let it lay, if worsens then call vet and could do a surgical option
What type of diet did rabbits evolve to eat?
dry food, veggies and hay
How is rabbit dentition unique and how should it be maintained?
Incisors grow constantly; always sharp to cut through woody plants; have large tooth gap for holding forage;to maintain, must have real forage to chew to wear down teeth
How are cecotropes formed? How are they different from normal feces? What nutrients do rabbits gain from eating cecotropes that horses do not get?
At night reverse peristalsis mixes cecum and forms cecotropes. Cecotropes are lower in fiber than normal feces. Rabbits gain protein, fat, and vitamins from eating cecotropes
How are rabbit nursing habits different from dogs and cats, and why?
they can only nurse a few times a day to keep the burrow a secret
What are the 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach?
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum
What is the purpose of the reticular groove?
To bypass the rumen, sending milk straight to abomasum to be digested
What causes metabolic bone disease in herps?
How can it be prevented?
a result of poor ownership
preventable by providing a proper environment and diet specifically for your type of reptile
What type of diet do frogs need?
a wide variety of insects
Why is humidity important to housing snakes?
If the humidity is too high the pet can contract skin infections or pneumonia. If the humidity is too low, the pet may dehydrate and die
What digestive adaptations do rodents have to handle their diets?
gnawing at the incisors and chewing at the molars
What vitamin do guinea pigs need to get from their diet?
vitamin C
Describe the process of rumination: follow the path of a bite of grass, what happens in each section of the ruminant stomach?
Tear a bite of grass, the grass goes through the rumen and reticulum where symbiotic bacteria live and convert carbs to VFAs. To make breakdown easier, food is moved back to the mouth and swallowed again into the omasum where food is sieved. Food is once more sent to the mouth and then swallowed into the abomasum where it is digested for protein and other nutrients.
Pros and cons of wet food
Advantages of soft-moist foods include
convenience and high energy digestibility and palatability.
Disadvantages
sugar can lead to dental problems
contain a number of artificial colors and preservatives
susceptible to moisture loss and a deterioration of texture
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