wounds, tissue healing and repair

list the 5 ways a pathology can be described

description, etiology, radiographic appearance, treatment, complications

list the 6 types of pathology

congenital/hereditary, inflammatory, degenerative, metabolic, traumatic, neoplastic

describe a congenital/hereditary pathology

conditions are present at birth + result from genetic or environmental factors

describe an inflammatory pathology

results from the body’s response to a nonspecific agent that causes an injury

describe a degenerative pathology

deterioration of the body resulting from age or a previous injury or disease process

describe a metabolic pathology

results from physical and chemical processes in the body

describe a traumatic pathology

results from a mechanical force to the body or external forces on the body (ie ionizing radiation, extreme temps)

describe a neoplastic pathology

new and abnormal tissue growth

what is the etiology of a pathology

the cause

define “sign” in terms of pathologies

an objective description of the effects of the pathology that can be visualized or measured

define “symptom” in terms of pathologies

the patient’s perception of the disease and is subjective. only the patient can describe what they’re feeling

compare signs vs symptoms

signs are measurable, symptoms are subjective

define the radiographic appearance of pathology

the demonstration of the pathology on diagnostic images (ie xray, ultrasound, CT, MRI)

define the treatment of a pathology

the cure or options to reduce symptoms and improve healing

define the complications of a pathology

immediate or chronic symptoms which result from poor healing

define wound

any injury that causes a break in the skin or other body membranes

T or F: wounds are always external

false; can be internal or external

list the 6 classifications of wounds

abrasions, lacerations, incisions, contusions, penetrations, fractures

describe abrasions

involve tearing of the epidermal cells via friction

abrasion example

road rash

define laceration

type of torn tissue resulting in jagged edges around the site of injury

define incision

tissue is torn with a cutting instrument and the edges are straight and smooth

define contusion

result of damage to the walls of a blood vessel causing it to rupture and causes interstitial bleeding. swelling results from blood accumulation

another term for a contusion

bruise

define penetration

an object penetrates some distance into the tissue and leaves a small surface opening. can involve tissues, organs, bone, or a combination

define fracture

a break or crack in bone

define tissue healing

dead and damaged tissue is replaced with new healthy cells

T or F: cells that continuously replace themselves have a higher chance of repair

true

cells that continuously replace themselves have a higher chance of repair. give an example

skin cells

list the 2 types of tissue healing

regeneration, fibrous connective tissue repair

what are two alternative terms for tissue regeneration

first intention, primary healing

define tissue regeneration

an exact copy of the former cells are made

where in the body will tissue regeneration occur

at sites where there is simple cell function; skin, mucous membranes, bone marrow, interstitial lining

what is the success of tissue regeneration dependent on

the degree of damage

when can organs regenerate

if the functional units are still intact

T or F: complex structures, like the lungs brain or muscle cells, can regenerate

false; they do not, but instead heal with a scar

list 2 alternative names for fibrous connective tissue repair

second intention, secondary healing

T or F: fibrous connective tissue repair occurs in any cell/tissue

true

describe fibrous connective tissue repair

collagen is deposited to fill the gap between tissue edges = scar tissue

T or F: fibrous connective tissue repair restores the original function of the cell/tissue

false

T or F: for fibrous connective tissue repair, the degree of injury dictates the degree of retained function

true

how long does fibrous connective tissue repair take to complete

weeks to months

describe how wound diameter impacts fibrous connective tissue repair

larger wound = healing decreases, scarring increases, function decreases

describe step 1 of fibrous connective tissue repair

a small cut involving the epidermis occurs, affecting the connective tissue

describe step 2 of fibrous connective tissue repair

exudate fills the gap left by the wound, capillaries and fibroblasts appear

describe step 3 of fibrous connective tissue repair

the epidermis regenerates and gaps fill with granulation tissue

describe step 4 of fibrous connective tissue repair

the epidermis returns to normal, fibroblasts produce collagen to form a permanent scar

list 7 factors that affect healing

extent of injury, age, nutrition, blood supply, drainage of the injury site, immobilization of the part, types of tissue involved

describe how age impacts healing

younger = better cell regeneration, metabolism, and circulation

describe how nutrition affects healing

malnutrition = decreased healing

describe how blood supply affects healing

ischemia = decreased healing

describe why people with diabetes may develop gangrene

diabetics tend to suffer arteriosclerosis in lower extremities = decreased blood supply to limbs. as blood supply lessens, tissues start to die, which can lead to gangrene

cure for gangrene?

amputation

describe how drainage affects healing

inadequate drainage = exudate (pus) collects, swelling occurs = decreased healing

if there is inadequate drainage at an injury site and pus builds up, what condition may occur

osteomyelitis

describe how immobilization of the part affects healing

proper immobilization promotes healing by preventing disturbance of the healing process. wound edges are allowed to heal and close

describe how tissue type can affect healing

specialized cells have decreased regeneration ability which typically results in scarring