PLTW BIOMED FINAL EXAMS

5 pieces of evidence that might be obtained at a crime scene that could help solve the crime?

1. DNA

2. Finger Print

3. Footwear impressions

4. Digital evidence

5. Look at blood

What are the four bases of DNA? Which are purines/pyrimidines? Which pair together?

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T). A and G are pyrimidines; T and C are purines. A pairs with T and G pairs with C.

What do restriction enzymes do?

Cut DNA at specific sequences

(Defend bacteria against viral infections by destroying foreign DNA)

What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis? Which way will DNA travel?

Separates DNA RFLPS by SIZE

DNA is a negatively charged molecule and will travel towards the positive electrode.

Type 1 diabetes

Glucose increases little to no insulin

Type 2 diabetes

More than enough insulin

Negative feedback loop

reduces the change

Positive feedback loop

amplifies change

Dehydration synthesis

reactions build molecules up and generally requires energy

Hydrolysis reactions

break down molecules down and generally release energy

Monomers of Carbohydrate

Monsacharides

Monomers of protein

amino acids

Monomers of lipids

fatty acids

Osmosis

the movement of water across a membrane

Hypotonic soln

Solute outside of a cell is less than solute in the cell

water goes into cell, cells can lyse (burst)

Hypertonic Soln

Solute outside of cell is more than solute in the cell

water goes out of the cell, cell shrinks

Isotonic Soln

Solute in = Solute out

water makes equally shape stays the same

Solution

solvent + solute = soln

Solvent

does the dissolving (water)

Solute

thing that is dissolving (salt)

Explain why diabetics are constantly thirsty and urinating so often

High blood sugar levels lead to increased urination causing dehydration and a thirst sensation

Normal RBC

full circle

Sickle

half crescent

What complications arise bc of this different for RBC and Sickle RBC.

Normal red blood cells transport oxygen throughout the body. Sickle cells are crescent-shaped and rigid due to a genetic mutation affecting hemoglobin.

How is anemia diagnosed

through a complete blood count test (CBC)

4 components of blood

Plasma, Red blood cells (erthrocytes), White blood cells (leukocytes) Platlets ( thrombocytes)

Plasma

carriers nutrients, hormones, proteins, and more

erythrocytes

takes oxygen from lungs to body tissues

Leukocytes

cells that fight off infections/pathogens

thrombocytes

cells that help in blood clotting

What are the 4 components of blood

A gives to A, AB

B gives to B, AB

AB only give to AB

O gives to all

What is a karyotype

a picture of someones chromosomes, sex chromosomes are always at the end female is xx male is xy

This process makes new body cells for repair and replacement

mitosis

This process makes sex cells of sperm and egg

meiosis

Each body cell has blank chromosome

46

Each gamete has blank CS

23

What does HIPAA stand for and what does it say

a law that protects personal health information and medical records

Accountability Act- Health Insurance Portability

Describe the inheritance pattern of sickle cell

autosomal recessive

Which heart arteries and veins don follow the usual oxygen/deoxygenated blood pattern, and why?

the pulmonary arteries carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs, and the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. This is different bc arteries usually carry Oxygenated blood and veins carry Deoxygenated.

heart rate

the number of times your heart beats in a minute

blood pressure

the force of your blood pushing against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood throughout your body

What does EKG measure

the electrical activity of the heart

what are some conditions that can be diagnosed by interpreting an EKG

arrhythmias coronary artery disease, heart attacks, heart failure, and heart value disease

what is the function of cholesterol in the body

helps build cells, make hormones, produce vitamin D and digest fats.

HDL

good cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from arteries

LDL

carries cholesterol from the liver to the body's tissues

what is familial hypercholesterolemia

a genetic disorder characterized by high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood

how is hypercholesterolemia inherited

inherited in a autosomal dominant pattern meaning you can only need one copy of the gene from your parent to have it

describe the process of PCR

method to make many copies of a specific DNA segment. It involves heating DNA to separate it, adding primers that stick to the targe segment, and using an enzyme to build new copies

What is the purpose of PCR

creating millions of copies from a smaller amount of starting material for further analysis

what is a RFLP

differences or variations among people in their DNA sequences at sites reconized by restriction enzymes

Gram positive

has more peptidoglycan it can hold the color more (color)

Gram negative

less peptidoglycan, can't hold as much color

How can viruses be prevented

frequent hand washing

hand sanitizer

avoid touching surfaces/face

match the organs to its systom

Blood, Heart

Cardiovascular

Match the organ to it's system

Bladder, Kidneys, Urethra

Urinary

Match the organ to it's system

Lungs,Trachea

Respiratory system

Match the organ to it's system

pancreas, gallbladder

Digestive

Match the organ to it's system

brain, eye, teeth

nervous

Match the organ to it's system

Lymph Node, Spleen

immune