disorders of white blood cells

What are our secondary lymphoid organs

What are our secondary lymphoid organs

Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, lymphoid tissues

What are our primary

Red bone marrow and thymus

what is the MALT

mucose associated lymphoid tissue

what is in the MALT

lymphocytes (white blood cells B cells , T cells and NK cells)

where are the largest Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues found in

the digestive tract (because the food we eat carries a lot of bacteria) (GALT)

The GI system

Respiratory (NALT) we breathe in many germs

What are the four non neoplastic disorders

Leukopenia

Neutropenia

Agranulocytosis

Infectious mononucleosis

What are the three neoplastic disorders (Think grandma, Lymp, mye)

Leukemia

Lymphoma

Multiple Myeloma

what does Leuko mean

white

what does penia mean

decrease

What does leukopenia mean

decrease in number of white blood cells

what is the normal range for white blood cells

5,000-10,000

Leukopenia affects any type of

White blood cell

what does leukopenia mostly affect

neutrophils

what does aplastic anemia cause

a decrease in CBC (RBC, platelets and WBC)

what is aplastic anemia

a bone marrow disorder

what is neutropenia how much less

a decrease in absolute neutrophil count less than 1000

what is severe neutropenia

absolute neutrophil count less than 500

what causes neutropenia

you can be born with it (congenital )

Acquired (drugs, autoimmune disorder, infections)

what is the treatment for neutropenia

treat underlying problem

hematopoietic drugs

what are symptoms of neutropenia

skin lesions

stomatitis(sores in mouth)

pharyngitis

what are the symptoms for severe neutropenia

malaise

flu symptoms

may also not show signs

what causes mono

epstein bar virus

what does mono invade

epithelial cells and B cells causing B cells to create heterophiles

how long is the incubation period for mono (not testing positive )

4-6 weeks

how long is the prodromal (symptoms ) period last for mono

several days

how long does the acute phase of mono last for

2-3 weeks

What are the symptoms of acute phase mono

pharyngitis

Lymphadenopathy ( swelling of lymph nodes)

how do we diagnose mono

monospot test

what are complications for mono

hepatitis

splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)

lethary 2-3 months

how to treat mono

no sports

Agranulocytosis is

severe low neutrophils

lymphomas arise in the

lymph nodes, lymphoid tissue and spleen and form solid tumor

leukemia arise in the

bone marrow

Hodgkin lymphoma is specific too

Reed Sternberg cells that come from a single node and spread throughout the lymphatic system

Hodgkin lymphoma eventually

invades all tissues

Hodgkin lymphoma often occurs in

early adulthood 15-40 years

older adulthood 55+

what are the symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma

painless hypertrophy of single or group of nodes

cold symptoms

repsiratory symptoms

as hodgkin lymphoma your pt can develop

opportunistic infections

what’s the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma

chemo radiation

non hodgkin lymphoma is

a diverse group of lymphomas (B, T or NK cells )

this metastasis fast

what are the symptoms of non hodgkin lymphoma

cold symptoms

slow painless isolated lymphadenopathy

vary depending on which lymphoma

what is leukemia

more white blood cells than red blood cells (unregulated growth of immature white blood cells)

what is the most common cause of cancer in children and adolescents

leukemia but diagnose more in adults

what is the cause of leukemia and lymphoma

we don’t know

we know its genetic and chromosomal changes and environmental factors

it can also happen due to chemo

what is acute leukemia

happen in immature cells

sudden more aggressive more symptoms

what is chronic leukemia

partially mature cells

slower growing no symptoms less agressive

why is myeloid leukemia

comes from myeloid

what is lymphocytic leukemia

come from lymphoid

What is acute leukemia

happen in immature cells (progenitor and stem cells)

what happens in acute lymphocytic leukemias (most common in kids )

usually lymphoblast becomes affected cell that creates T cell or B cell

what is acute myelogenous leukemia

cancer anteing myeloid cells causing bunch of myeloblasts

who mostly has acute myelogenous leukemia

adults

what is chronic leukemias

cancer happens in partially matured cells

chronic lymphocytic leukemias happens in

B lymphocytes

what is the average age of diagnosis for Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

67

chronic lymphocytic leukemia is most common in

adults

what is a symptom of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

lymphadenopathy

what is chronic myeloid leukemia

cancer in granulocytes

average age of chronic myeloid leukemia

72

what is the genetic marker for chronic myeloid leukemia

Philadelphia chromosome

what’s the difference between acute and chronic leukemia

acute happens in immature cells sudden onset more aggressive more symptoms

chronic is in partially mature cells slower onset

what are the symptoms of CML

its acute aggressive

what do leukemias affect

the bone marrow

why do patients develop bone pain in leukemias

because the cancer is in the bone marrow

why do patients develop anemia in leukemia

we don’t have enough red blood cells being produced bone marrows crowded

this causes decrease oxygen

why do patients have thrombocytopenia with leukemia

they don’t have enough red blood cells there going to bleeding bruising

why do patients develop immune suppression

because they can’t make normal white blood cells this causes infections

what do abnormal white blood cells cause

increase blood viscosity ( blood clots)

create waste products (kidney issues )

mess with CNS (fatigue)

cause hypermetabolism (useing up energy loose weight)

What are complications you can get with leukemia

Leukostasis - a bunch of immature WBC Thick blood- strokes blood clots

What are complications you get with chemotherapy treatment for leukemia

cells release their contents into the bloodstream causing -

hyperkalemia (+ potassium), hyperphosphatemia (+phosphate) acidosis

decrease Hypomagnesemis, hypocalcemia,

also hyperuricemia: uric acid in blood due to increased purine breakdown

how do we diagnose chronic leukemias for CML and how do treat

allogenic bone marrow transplant

Philadelphia chromosome 150,000+ wbc

how do we diagnose chronic leukemias for CLL and how do treat

lymphocytosis (increase in white blood cells

stem cell cell transplant or they die

how do we diagnose and treat acute leukemia

chemo

immature cels

what is multiple myeloma

plasma cells gone wild (B cells)

what are the risk factors for multiple myeloma

autoimmune disorder

things that cause genetic disorders (toxins agent orange radiation pesticides)

hiv

if your older than 60

more in men