Exam 1 study guide

Chapter 1

Know the dates when different Ultrasound Exams became available to take

1974: (ASUTS) credential exam

October 1974: Practical, oral, and written

1976: 10 ARDMS exams

1983: Vascular, practical and oral integrated put in as written questions, hands on was eliminated

1990: Cardiac

1991: computer based

1994: Ohio to maryland

2016: Intelos

Know when research for medical ultrasound applications began

-In the late 1940s, Dr. George Ludwig developed the first application of ultrasound for medical purposes when trying to detect gallstones. It remained classified until 1949, when it was released to the public.

-In the early 1970s, research began on what would become the modern real-time machines

When were the first practical, oral and written ultrasound examinations administered?

In 1974 there was the 1st practical, oral and written examination
administered in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and almost 400
sonographers took some aspect of the testing process.

In October 1974, the first practical, oral, and written ultrasound examinations were administered in Winston- Salem, North Carolina.

Be familiarized with who discovered x-ray and ultrasound

-X-ray is the oldest imaging modality and was discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Rontgen.

-Ultrasound roots go back to the discovery of the piezoelectric effect in 1880 by Jaques and Pierre Curie.

Know the different individuals that helped to develop ultrasound and Doppler systems for ultrasound machines

Dr. George Ludwig, medical sonography

Shigeo Satomura: first doppler ultrasound device for medical purposes

Dr. Robert Rushmer and Dean Franklin: Prototype for continuous wave doppler for blood flow

Dr. Eugene Standess: vascular disease doppler

Know the different levels of sound (human hearing, ultrasound etc.)

Infrasound: below 20hz

Human: 20 to 20,000 Hz 20kHz

Ultrasound: over 20,000 Hz 20kHz

Who discovered the importance of a full urinary bladder while scanning the pelvic area?

professor Donald and dr. James Willocks

Know the different shades of grey that were available in the beginning of ultrasound

64

What were early sonographers called? What does Sonography mean?

Early sonographers were called ultrasound technical specialists

Sound graph

Know what individuals developed the first applications of ultrasound for medical purposes

Dr. George Ludwig

In the late 1950s, Shigeo Satomura developed the first Doppler ultrasound device used for medical diagnostic purpose

What is the difference between technician & technologist?

Technician: 6w to 6, beyond high school.

Technologist: someone who specializes in a technology, which is why the type of technology must be specified.

Who led the development of color Doppler?

Japan

Chihiro Kasai

Koroku Namekawa

Ryozo omoto

Review the piezoelectric and reverse piezoelectric effect

The ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress, such as a sound wave.

The reverse piezoelectric effect generates the sound beam when electricity is applied to the material.

Know about continuous wave M-mode as discussed in Chapter 1

In 1953, Dr. Inge Elder and Carl Hellmuth Hertz explored the use of ultrasound in the heart using a technique that added a continuous moving display of the returning echoes (M-mode) to evaluate the motion of the heart valves

Review Christian Doppler’s theory

known as the Doppler effect — that the observed frequency of a wave depends on the relative speed of the source and the observer, with the frequency increasing when the source and the observer moved closer and decreasing when they moved apart. He used this concept to explain the color of binary stars. The Doppler effect causes shifts in wavelengths of sound and light and is a major factor in demonstrating the existence of an ever expanding universe. He designed an experiment using horn players on a moving train.

Review color flow imaging as discussed in Chapter 1

December 1984, first colored doppler RSNA

1987 United states

What is ARDMS?

In 1975, the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers (ARDMS) was tasked with the mission of providing

valid and high-quality certification procedures for medical professionals who perform Diagnostic Medical Sonograph

American registry of diagnostic medical sonography certification

What is Annual Sonographer awareness week?

October of 1991

1st annual sonographer awareness week > month

Chapter 2

Review obstetrical ultrasound procedures as discussed in Ch. 2

Review chaperone information and need for one

What is sympathy, empathy & compassion?

Go over transvaginal ultrasound procedures

empty bladder

Know transient fetal bradycardia

Brady less than 110

Tachy more that 160

trasient = abrupt and intermittent

reduce transducer poessure

left side= increase fetal heartrate

Know how information is exchanged or how it can take plac

Review invasive procedures

biopsies

Read over high – risk patients and what we need to do with them

What are universal precautions?

Gloves, gowns, goggles to prevent bodily fluids

What does HIPAA do for our patients?

What patient positions might be used for a cardiac or vascular ultrasound?

Know helpful skills for good communication

Review checklists of what to do before, during and after an examination

Go over consent and refusal

Read about moving patients

What is supine hypotensive syndrome?

when woman lays on back and IVC is blocked

tell then to sit up

Know ALARA concept and why it is important

As low as reasonably achievable

Chapter 3

Know the stages of the grieving process

1: denial

2: anger

3: bargaining

4: depression

5: acceptance

What are negative communication traits?

Judgemental responses

arguing

interrupting

changing the subject

false assurances

untruthfulness

avoidance

false reassurance

Go over critical thinking

Review communication triads

3

Read about Sonographer reports

written verbal reports

measurments, comments on echogenictiy location of positions, scanning planes, intrumnetation ch/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////nages

What are the different types/kinds of communication?

Verbal

nonverbal

body language

eye contact

facial expressions

gestures

posture

tone of voice

touch

Review communication barriers

speaking too fast

Know how we communicate with patients with special communication problems,
such as hearing or vision impairments

low tone

What is collaborative learning?

an instruction method in which students at various performance levels work together in small groups towards a common goal. students are responisble for one anothers learning including their own

What are effective communication skills?

Listening

observing

responding appropeirartly

mainting silence

claryfiying

repaeating

gathering information

touching