Studied by 45 people
Classical Conditioning
One learns to associate two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Example of Classical Conditioning
Teaches one to prepare for good or bad developments once a certain stimuli has been received - sound, touch, etc.
Who discovered Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Operant Conditioning
Idea that behaviors are strengthened and if followed by a reinforcer or diminished by a punisher
Who discovered Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
Shaping
a procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior (example - rewarding dog for sitting down, then laying, then finally rolling over, can take several steps and/or progressions)
Positive reinforcement
giving the subject something it wants (food for example)
Negative reinforcement
taking away something the subject does not like or want (removing a collar or leash from a dog, for example)
Fixed Ratio
number of behaviors the organism must do to be rewarded is always the same - guaranteed by behavior
Example of Fixed Ratio
you get a free coffee for every 10 you buy at starbucks
Effect of Fixed Ratio on behavior
organism pauses briefly after reinforce before returning to a high rate of responding. better for high quality tasks.
Variable Ratio
The number of behaviors the organism must do to be rewarded changes each - not guaranteed by behavior
Example of Variable Ratio
You pull the lever to see if maybe this quarter will win you the jackpot
Effect on behavior of Variable Ratio
Better for low quality tasks. resistant to extinction.
Positive Punishment
the administering of an aversive stimulus (giving a traffic or speeding ticket, for example)
Negative Punishment
withdrawal of rewarding stimulus (take away driving privileges from a 16 year old, for example)
Extinction (in classical conditioning)
diminishing of a conditioned response following the conditioned stimulus
Extinction (in operant conditioning)
when a response is no longer enforced and the behavior fades
Observational Learning
internal meaning there are no consequences
Albert Bandura (toy clown experiment) (Observational Learning)
says learn by watching someone doing something
Modeling (Observational Learning)
imitating a certain behavior
Mirror Neurons (Observational Learning)
imitations + empathy
Semantic Memories (Observational Learning)
long term memories based off language not experience - effective in teaching children
prosocial/antisocial behavior (Observational Learning)
taken in by children/observers
Contingencies (Observational Learning)
something might or might not happen because of genetic/environmental factors
Insight learning (Unrealized learning)
suddenly come up with a solution (coming up with answer out of nowhere)
Emotional learning (Unrealized learning)
effectively learn to manage emotions
Latent Learning (Unrealized Learning)
occurs without realization until you need it
Self-Control (Behavior)
ability to control impulses, and weakens after exertion
Behavior Modification (Behavior)
changing behavior with reinforcer/punisher
Biofeedback (Behavior)
conscious moving of limbs without automatic function
Superstitious Behavior
accidentally rewarded and believe it to be true
Taste Aversion
bad experience with food leads to never eating specific food
John Garcia
developed taste aversion in rats for almost all foods after giving them radiation
Learned Helplessness
stop doing something because someone else will/you don’t want to
Edward Thorndike
law of effect
Robert Rescorla
contingency/classical conditioning
Edward Toleman (Motivation)
behavior is based on goals and purpose
Learned behavior
idea that all behavior is based on experience
Learning
process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors (i.e. habits, which take roughly 66 days to form)
Associative Learning
learning that certain events occur together
Behaviorism
field of psychology that believes should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes, ignoring cognitive learning
Cognitive Learning
learning through mental processes such as observation and language (i.e. watching or listening to an explanation to learn)
Neutral stimuli (NS)
a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Unconditioned response
natural response to stimuli, such as salivation
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
Conditioned response (CR)
a conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
an originally irrelevant stimulus that, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response
Ivan Pavlov Dog Experiment
Ivan Pavlov’s famous experiment taught a dog to salivate upon hearing a bell.
He essentially took the unconditioned (untaught) stimulus—the food—and noted its relationship to the unconditioned response—salivation. A bell, which merits no response from the dog’s unconditioned salivation, was considered a neutral stimulus.
After feeding the dog several times immediately after the bell, Pavlov noted the previously neutral stimulus—the bell—became a conditioned stimulus. The bell now caused the dog to salivate, as the dog learned to anticipate food following the bell.
Salivating now became the conditioned response to the hearing of a bell
John Watson's Baby Albert Experiment
furthered behaviorism in humans with ‘Baby Albert’ experiments where conditioned a baby to cry/fear furry animals using a loud noise as the unconditioned stimulus
B.F. Skinner
pioneered new ideas that expanded the understanding of learned behavior and what Watson called Behaviorism
Reinforcement
an event that strengthens the behavior behind it, can be used as a reward to encourage behavior in animals and humans (example: teaching dog to sit by rewarding with a treat each time)
Punishment
an event that diminishes behavior behind it with an adverse consequence, can be used to discourage undesired behaviors in animals and humans (example: teach toddler not to scream in house by issuing a time out)
discriminative stimulus (operant conditioning)
the stimulus that elicits responses after association with a reinforcer (in the case of the dog, the discriminative stimulus is ‘roll over’)
primary reinforcers
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (i.e., food/a treat)
secondary (conditioned) reinforcers
can be effective as they are linked or associated with primary reinforcers - primary reinforcer cannot be provided every time
example of secondary reinforcer
If you pair the treat with a ‘good boy,’ eventually the ‘good boy’ will be as good of a reward as the treat, thus negating the need for a primary reinforcer every time
Primary reinforcer
Money or tokens for humans that can be exchanged for primary reinforcers
Acquisition - Classical Conditioning
when the neutral stimulus (NS) begins to trigger the conditioned response (CR)
Acquisition - Operant Conditioning
acquisition is achieved through the strengthening of a reinforced response
acquisition
when the subject is successfully anticipating after a stimulus or performing the desired behavior
Spontaneous recovery
the sudden reappearance of an extinguished CR, following a break or pause of the CS (randomly rolling over on command after no listening several times)
Generalization
subject may respond to a stimulus that seems similar, but is not the conditioned stimulus
Discrimination
the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimulus that hears, looks, smells, feels, or tastes similar
High-order learning
One can also layer more stimuli by adding additionally conditioned stimuli to the already-existing conditioned stimulus.
practice
subjects and people can start to learn slowly and easily with progressively fulfilling results along the way
Continuous reinforcement
reinforces a response every time the desired behavior occurs
Partial/Intermittent reinforcement
reinforces a response only part of the time
Fixed Interval
the amount of time between reinforcements is always the same
Variable Interval
the amount of time between reinforcements differs
Note 
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