MIDTERM-Y9

Luminous Objects

Objects that produce their own light.

Illuminated Objects

Objects that reflect light from another source.

Incandescent Objects

Objects that emit light due to heat.

Luminescent Objects

Objects that emit light through processes other than heat.

Transparent

Allows light to pass through clearly.

Translucent

Allows light to pass through partially or diffusely.

Opaque

Does not allow light to pass through.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of all types of electromagnetic radiation.

Shorter Wavelengths

Correspond to higher energy

Longer Wavelengths

Correspond to lower energy

Law of Reflection

The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

Regular Reflection

Occurs on smooth surfaces; the normal is consistent.

Diffuse Reflection

Occurs on rough surfaces; the normal varies across the surface.

Refraction

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.

Refractive Index (n)

A measure of how much light slows down in a medium.

Speed of light in vacuum (c)

The constant speed at which light travels in a vacuum.

Refractive Index Formula

n = c / v

Snell's Law

n₁ sin(i) = n₂ sin(r)

Convex Lens

A lens that converges (focuses) light rays.

Concave Lens

A lens that diverges (spreads out) light rays.

Iris

Controls the size of the pupil and the amount of light entering the eye.

Pupil

The opening through which light enters the eye.

Sclera

The white outer layer of the eyeball

Lens

A convex structure that focuses light onto the retina.

Cornea

The transparent front part of the eye that helps focus light.

Retina

The light-sensitive layer where images are formed.

Ciliary Muscles

Control the shape of the lens for focusing.

Vitreous Humour

The clear gel that fills the space between the lens and retina.

Optic Nerve

Transmits visual information to the brain.

Rods and Cones

Photoreceptor cells; rods are sensitive to low light

Colour Blindness

Inability to distinguish certain colours; often genetic.

Short-Sightedness (Myopia)

Can see near objects clearly

Long-Sightedness (Hyperopia)

Can see distant objects clearly

Astigmatism

Blurred or distorted vision due to irregular curvature of the cornea or lens. Correction: Use of specially shaped corrective lenses.

Trachoma

An infectious eye disease caused by bacteria

Atomic Size

Atomic radius changes across a period (decreases) and down a group (increases).

Electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract electrons varies across a period (increases) and down a group (decreases).

Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove an electron changes across a period (increases) and down a group (decreases).

Electron Configuration

Identify the electron configuration of atoms and ions.

Flame Test

Identifies metal ions based on the color they emit when heated.

Ground State

Lowest energy level of electrons.

Excited State

Electrons temporarily occupy higher energy levels.

Ionic Bonding

The transfer of electrons from metals to non-metals.

Ionic Compounds

Name ionic compounds according to IUPAC rule.

Properties of Ionic Compounds

High melting and boiling points due to strong electrostatic forces; conduct electricity when molten or dissolved (not in solid form).

Covalent Bonding

The sharing of electrons between non-metals.

Lewis Structures

Draw Lewis structures for covalent substances

Naming Covalent Compounds

Use appropriate prefixes (mono-

Properties of Covalent Compounds

Low melting and boiling points; do not conduct electricity.

Metallic Bonding

A lattice of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons.

Properties of Metals

Malleability and ductility; high electrical and thermal conductivity; lustrous appearance.

Solubility Rules

Determine the solubility of ions using the SNAPE and CHOPS rules.

SNAPE

Soluble Nitrates

CHOPS

Carbonates

Balanced Precipitation Reactions

Write balanced precipitation reactions including correct states of matter (s