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Reconstruction
rebuilding of the South after the Civil War
13th Amendment
Abolition of slavery
14th Amendment
Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens
15th Amendment
gave African American men the right to vote
Sharecroppers
a tenant farmer who gives a part of each crop as rent.
10% Plan
Lincoln's plan for reconstruction
KKK
a secret society of white Southerners meant to scare blacks away from voting in the United States
Poll Tax
A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote
Grandfather Clause
allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction
Radical Republicans
Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war
Election of 1876
Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. Hayes was elected and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised
Segregation
Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences
Plessy v. Ferguson
a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
Military Reconstruction
The Congressional reconstruction plan that placed the South in 5 military districts
Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth
Andrew Johnson
17th President of the United States
Transcontinental Railroad
Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US
Subsidy
A government payment that supports a business or market
Boomtown
a town undergoing rapid growth due to sudden prosperity.
Exodusters
African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War
Indian Reservation
Indians were sent federal lands to "protect their culture". In reality destroyed culture.
Dawes Act
1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners
Populist Party
U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies
Sodbuster
farmer on the Great Plains in the late 1800s
Battle of Little Bighorn
1876 Sioux victory over army troops led by George Custer
Wounded Knee
1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance
Homestead Act
Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.
William Jennings Bryan
Democratic presidential candidate in 1896, advocated free silver
George Custer
United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn
Leland Stanford
Former California Governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad
Helen Hunt Jackson
United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans
Network
Sharing of information between people, companies, or groups
Corporation
A legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners and also sells shares of stock
Vertical Integration
A business strategy in which a company takes ownership of two or more key stages of its supply chain
Stock
the shares by which ownership of a corporation or company is divided
Monopoly
A market structure characterized by a single seller selling a product in the market
Sweatshop
A factory where workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions
Knights of Labor
First union in United States
A.F.L
Most powerful union in the United States
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
A fire that occurred in a sweatshop producing clothes that killed 146 people
Mass Production
The manufacturing of large quantities of a good usually using an assembly line
Assembly Line
Manufacturing process that allowed for advanced items to be bought by the everyday consummer
Standard Oil
An American monopoly of oil created by Rockefeller controlling almost all oil production
Sherman Antitrust Act
Banned monopolies but wasn't enforced
Robber Baron
Successful industrialists whose rises to power were considered ruthless and unethical
Gilded Age
time of rapid economic growth and corruption
Captain of Industry
someone who owns or manages a large successful business or company and is seen as a hero to the public eye
Philanthropy
the desire to promote the general welfare of others usually by donating money to a good cause
John Rockefeller
countries first billionaire who was the owner of Standard Oil which had a monopoly over oil in Gilded Age
Andrew Carnegie
Industrialist who amassed a huge fortune in the steel industry
Henry Ford
Made cars affordable for average consumers in America
JP Morgan
Bought Carnegie's steel company and made a fortune
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Made a monopoly over railroads and was extremely rich
Thomas Edison
Inventor who created light bulb, camera, and phonograph
Samuel Gompers
Founder of A.F.L.
Terence Powderly
American labor union leader of Knights of Labor
Push Factors
Something that causes people to leave where they are and live somewhere else
Pull Factors
Something that attracts people to go live somewhere else
Steerage
part of a ship providing acommadations for passengers with the cheapest tickets
Assimilation
When immigrants have an easy time fitting in with a new country
Nativist
People who were against immigrants and hated the idea of them becoming American
Old Immigrants
Were from Northern and Western Europe and had an easy time assimilating
New Immigrants
Were from Southern and Eastern Europe and had a hard time assimilating
Ellis Island
Immigration processing center that opened in NY harbor
Angel Island
immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco
Chinese Exclusion Act
stopped the Chinese from entering the U.S
Gentleman's Agreement
U.S. made an agreement with Japan to stop sending people to the U.S.
Quota
Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants that can come to the U.S each year
Urbanization
growth of cities and migration of people into them
Tenement
rundown apartment barely meeting minimal standards
Settlement House
a center offering to help the urban poor
Skyscraper
very tall building with multiple stories
Building code
safety rules buildings have to follow
Literacy Test
test given to people trying to enter the U.S. proving they can read and write
Jane Addams
helped urban poor by making a settlement house
Pulitzer/Hearst
newspaper publishers
Mark Twain
Famous author who came up with the name GIlded Age
Civil Service
people who work for the governement
Spoils System
The practice of appointing friends and firing enemies in any federal posts
Muckraker
Exposed corruption and morally wrong things
Progressive
A person with a political attitude favoring or advocating changes or reform
Graduated Income tax
the more money you make the more money you pay the government
Suffrage
the right to votes
Conservation
the act of preserving nature and sites in nature
Square Deal
Roosevelt's promise of fair and equal treatment for all
Pure Food and Drug Act
Made it so that all food and drugs must have their ingredients on the back
Meat Inspection act
demanded all meat must get checked before getting processed
New Freedom
Wilson's program to break up trusts and restore American economic competition
Bull Moose Party
Party created by Theodore Roosevelt
Federal Reserve
Set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control money supply
The Jungle
Book made by Upton Sinclair about meat processing plants and how disgusting they were
How the Other Half Lives
Book made by Jacob Riis about how bad the living conditions were
A History of the Standard Oil Company
Book made by Ida Tarbell about Rockefeller and his ruthless tactics that he used to make his company successful
Election of 1912
Campaign between Roosevelt, Wilson, and Taft where Wilson easily won because Roosevelt and Taft split up the republican vote
Federal Trade Commission
agency created to stop unfair business practices
19th Amendment
Gave women the right to vote
Pendleton Act
Legislation that began the federal merit system where you take and pass a test to prove you're qualified
17th Amendment
gave people the right to vote for their senators instead of the state legislature
Theodore Roosevelt
26th president of the United States that created Square Deal
Boss Tweed
corrupted man in NYC who would rig elections and commit fraud
Note 
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