Social Studies Final Review

Reconstruction

rebuilding of the South after the Civil War

13th Amendment

Abolition of slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens

15th Amendment

gave African American men the right to vote

Sharecroppers

a tenant farmer who gives a part of each crop as rent.

10% Plan

Lincoln's plan for reconstruction

KKK

a secret society of white Southerners meant to scare blacks away from voting in the United States

Poll Tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

Grandfather Clause

allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction

Radical Republicans

Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

Election of 1876

Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. Hayes was elected and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Military Reconstruction

The Congressional reconstruction plan that placed the South in 5 military districts

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Subsidy

A government payment that supports a business or market

Boomtown

a town undergoing rapid growth due to sudden prosperity.

Exodusters

African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War

Indian Reservation

Indians were sent federal lands to "protect their culture". In reality destroyed culture.

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Sodbuster

farmer on the Great Plains in the late 1800s

Battle of Little Bighorn

1876 Sioux victory over army troops led by George Custer

Wounded Knee

1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance

Homestead Act

Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic presidential candidate in 1896, advocated free silver

George Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn

Leland Stanford

Former California Governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad

Helen Hunt Jackson

United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans

Network

Sharing of information between people, companies, or groups

Corporation

A legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners and also sells shares of stock

Vertical Integration

A business strategy in which a company takes ownership of two or more key stages of its supply chain

Stock

the shares by which ownership of a corporation or company is divided

Monopoly

A market structure characterized by a single seller selling a product in the market

Sweatshop

A factory where workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions

Knights of Labor

First union in United States

A.F.L

Most powerful union in the United States

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

A fire that occurred in a sweatshop producing clothes that killed 146 people

Mass Production

The manufacturing of large quantities of a good usually using an assembly line

Assembly Line

Manufacturing process that allowed for advanced items to be bought by the everyday consummer

Standard Oil

An American monopoly of oil created by Rockefeller controlling almost all oil production

Sherman Antitrust Act

Banned monopolies but wasn't enforced

Robber Baron

Successful industrialists whose rises to power were considered ruthless and unethical

Gilded Age

time of rapid economic growth and corruption

Captain of Industry

someone who owns or manages a large successful business or company and is seen as a hero to the public eye

Philanthropy

the desire to promote the general welfare of others usually by donating money to a good cause

John Rockefeller

countries first billionaire who was the owner of Standard Oil which had a monopoly over oil in Gilded Age

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist who amassed a huge fortune in the steel industry

Henry Ford

Made cars affordable for average consumers in America

JP Morgan

Bought Carnegie's steel company and made a fortune

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Made a monopoly over railroads and was extremely rich

Thomas Edison

Inventor who created light bulb, camera, and phonograph

Samuel Gompers

Founder of A.F.L.

Terence Powderly

American labor union leader of Knights of Labor

Push Factors

Something that causes people to leave where they are and live somewhere else

Pull Factors

Something that attracts people to go live somewhere else

Steerage

part of a ship providing acommadations for passengers with the cheapest tickets

Assimilation

When immigrants have an easy time fitting in with a new country

Nativist

People who were against immigrants and hated the idea of them becoming American

Old Immigrants

Were from Northern and Western Europe and had an easy time assimilating

New Immigrants

Were from Southern and Eastern Europe and had a hard time assimilating

Ellis Island

Immigration processing center that opened in NY harbor

Angel Island

immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco

Chinese Exclusion Act

stopped the Chinese from entering the U.S

Gentleman's Agreement

U.S. made an agreement with Japan to stop sending people to the U.S.

Quota

Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants that can come to the U.S each year

Urbanization

growth of cities and migration of people into them

Tenement

rundown apartment barely meeting minimal standards

Settlement House

a center offering to help the urban poor

Skyscraper

very tall building with multiple stories

Building code

safety rules buildings have to follow

Literacy Test

test given to people trying to enter the U.S. proving they can read and write

Jane Addams

helped urban poor by making a settlement house

Pulitzer/Hearst

newspaper publishers

Mark Twain

Famous author who came up with the name GIlded Age

Civil Service

people who work for the governement

Spoils System

The practice of appointing friends and firing enemies in any federal posts

Muckraker

Exposed corruption and morally wrong things

Progressive

A person with a political attitude favoring or advocating changes or reform

Graduated Income tax

the more money you make the more money you pay the government

Suffrage

the right to votes

Conservation

the act of preserving nature and sites in nature

Square Deal

Roosevelt's promise of fair and equal treatment for all

Pure Food and Drug Act

Made it so that all food and drugs must have their ingredients on the back

Meat Inspection act

demanded all meat must get checked before getting processed

New Freedom

Wilson's program to break up trusts and restore American economic competition

Bull Moose Party

Party created by Theodore Roosevelt

Federal Reserve

Set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control money supply

The Jungle

Book made by Upton Sinclair about meat processing plants and how disgusting they were

How the Other Half Lives

Book made by Jacob Riis about how bad the living conditions were

A History of the Standard Oil Company

Book made by Ida Tarbell about Rockefeller and his ruthless tactics that he used to make his company successful

Election of 1912

Campaign between Roosevelt, Wilson, and Taft where Wilson easily won because Roosevelt and Taft split up the republican vote

Federal Trade Commission

agency created to stop unfair business practices

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Pendleton Act

Legislation that began the federal merit system where you take and pass a test to prove you're qualified

17th Amendment

gave people the right to vote for their senators instead of the state legislature

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president of the United States that created Square Deal

Boss Tweed

corrupted man in NYC who would rig elections and commit fraud