Chemistry acid and bases

electrolytes

substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water

• dependent on the concentration of the mobile ions present in the solution

• the higher the concentration the higher the conductivity

Are strong acids good conductors?

yes, because they ionize (break down into ions) very well

allows for a mobile sea of ions

neutralization reaction

A chemical reaction between an acid and a base that produces water and salt.

• a type of double Replacement reaction

Is the PH of an acid higher or lower than a 7?

lower than 7

Are strong bases good conductors?

yes because they ionize well

Arrhenius Acid definition

An Arrhenius acid is a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution, typically by dissociating in water.

• when they ionize they form H+ (ex. HCl) - has an H+

Organic Acids

are acids that contain carbon and typically have a carboxyl (-COOH) functional group, which gives them their acidic properties

• yield H+ when they dissociate

Hydrogen ion

• because the hydrogen atom has 1 proton and 1 electron the hydrogen ion would just be a proton

• protons cannot be alone in a water solution so they have to bond with water molecules to form hydronium ions (H3O+). Therefore, hydrogen ions are often represented as hydronium ions in aqueous solutions.

What is the relationship between how strong an acid is and how much it ionizes?

The strength of an acid is directly related to its degree of ionization in solution; stronger acids ionize more completely, producing a higher concentration of hydrogen ions.

How can most acid be recognized?

most of the time they begin with the element hydrogen

• exceptions are organic Acids that end with COOH and CO2

What is an Arrhenius base?

An Arrhenius base is a substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in aqueous solution, typically by dissociating in water to release hydroxide ions

• the more it ionizes the stronger the base i

How do you recognize an alcohol?

An alcohol can be recognized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to a carbon atom.

• do not ionize in water

According to the Bronsted-Lowry Theory what do acid-base reactions involve?

• involve the transfer of protons from an acid to the base

• does not have to take place in water

Is an acid a donor or an accepter?

An acid is a proton donor that donates protons to the base

Is a base a donor or accepter?

a acceptor of protons

conjugate acids and bases

• the acid and base in the reverse reaction

How do you find the acid and base in a chemical equation?

Look at the products and see if they were any H+ ions donated

In pure water the hydrogen ion and the hydroxide ion’s concentration are?

• equal - neutral PH

In an acidic solution the hydrogen ion concentration is ____ than the hydroxide ion concentration?

greater

In a basic solution the hydroxide ion concentration is _____ than the hydrogen ion concentration

greater

How do you figure out the PH based off the H+ concentration?

H+ concentration = 1.0 X 10-8 - PH = 8

When the PH changes by one unit how many units does the hydrogen ion concentration change by?

• 10 units - concentration of hydrogen ion is increased by 100 means that the PH lowers by 2 ( 2 zeros in 100)

How do you find what color a substance changes to when exposed to different PH values?

• Table M - if PH is less than the number on the left then it is the color on the left

• if the PH is more than the number on the right then it is the color on the right

Reactions of acids with metals

• acids react with metals to form hydrogen gas and a salt

• single Replacement reactions

How do you find the metals that react with 1 M of acids?

• go to table J - metals that are above H2 will react with acid but metals below will not react

titration

an acid or base of known concentration is used to neutralize and determine the concentration of a base or acid of unknown concentration

• end point = exact point of neutralization

How can the endpoint of titration be calculated?

Ma X Va = Mb X Vb - Ma= molarity of acid = Va = volume of acid

• Mb = molarity of base - Vb = volume of base

What happens if the acid can produce more than one hydrogen ion?

the molarity of the acid must be multiplied by the number of hydrogen ions that the acid can produce

• same with the base