court cases

mardbury vs madison background

president madison sued for not giving commision/payment to judge marbury (1803)

marbury v madisoon constituional issue

judiciary act (courts powers)

marbury v madison ruling

gave courts judicial review

brown v board background

oliver brown’s daughter linda, couldnt attend a white school and 12 other families sued with brown (1954)

brown v board constitutional issue

14th amendment (liberty), and equal protection clause (unequal segregation/treatment of school education)

brown v board ruling

banned segregation in schools (and in future establishments), overturned plessy v furguson

mapp v ohio background

officers invaded Dollree Mapps home without warrant and charged her for prostitution evidence they found (1961)

mapp v ohio constitutional issue

4th amendment (breach of unreasonable searches)

mapp v ohio ruling + significance

strengthened 14th amendment (due process), warrants required, exclusionary rule (illegally found evidence can’t be used)

obergefell v hodges background

homosexual marriage wasn’t recognized in Ohio (one partner was not recognized as a spouse specifically) (2017)

obergefell v hodges constitutional issue

14th amendment (equal protection and rights under law, ohio gave no due process when determining the legitimacy of the gay marriage), denied civil liberty of marriage

obergefell vs hodges ruling

5:4 in favor of gay marriage, marriage was no longer defined between man and woman by department of justice, SSA gave gay couples SSA benefits, marriage was a constitutional right for all

miranda v arizona background

ernesto miranda was arrested without knowing of his 5th + 6th amendment right (1966)

miranda v arizona constitutional issue

5th amendment (not told the right to remain silent), 6th amendment (not given fair counsel or fast trial) 14th amendment (no equal trial)

miranda v arizona significance

established miranda rights when detained ONLY

tinker v des moines background

3/5 children of the Des Moines family arrest for protesting peace for Vietnam war at school (1969)

tinker v des moines constitutional issue

1st amendment (supression of childs freedom of speech and expression)

tinker v des moines ruling + significance

students still have 1st amendment right (as long as it doesn’t disrupt learning)

judicial activism

judges play an active role in legal precendents (can overturn/challenge laws, against stare decisis)

stare decisis

use of old court cases to rule on ones new and similar

judicial restraint

judges limit their power and avoid law changes (follows stare decisis)

roe v wade

abortion was a libery under 14th amendment (1973)

dobbs v jackson background

Mississippi gestaional age act passed that banned abortion after 15 weeks

dobbs v jackson constitutional issue

14th amendment (abortion wasn’t a privacy)

dobbs v jackson ruling + significance

made abortion up to states, lead to state bans, unsafe abortions, protest for abortions