Chapter 8: Primate Life Histories and the Evolution of Intelligence

Soil quality

________ is higher in Sumatra than it is in Borneo.

Encephalization

________: ratio of brain mass to body mass increases with primates.

Energy

________ is converted from current reproduction to maintenance.

False

True or False, Large brains are energetically not costly to maintain.

Phylogenetic history

________: often referred to as reptilian brain.

large brains

Extractive foraging hypothesis: primates evolved ________ because ________ provide the ingenuity required to get hard to reach food sources (ex.

Senescence

________: The condition or process of deterioration with age.

Neocortex

________: part of the brain that is associated with problem solving and behavioral flexibility and regulation, which is critical in primates.

Cerebellum

________: brain structure that coordinates muscular function.

Behavioral flexibility hypothesis

________: the theory that primates evolved large brains because it let them learn new solutions to problems and cope with both ecological and social challenges, as larger brains provide the ingenuity required to come up with complex solutions.

Social intelligence hypothesis

________: the theory that primates having large brains evolved to help them navigate complex social systems in primate groups (ex.

Larger

Animals living in large groups have _________ neocortex ratios than animals living in smaller groups. (word bank: larger, smaller)

Brain stem

________: very ancient structure that regulates bodily functions like cardiac, respiratory and sleep cycle.

Primate coalition formation

________: at least 3 people are required to form a coalition, and several different kinds of interactions are going on simultaneously.

Fruit in Sumatran forests is:

less seasonal than it is in Bornean forests.

Bornean orangutans

________ have shorter interbirth intervals than Sumatran orangutans.

third-party

Knowledge of ________-_________ relationships enables individuals to predict how others will behave and gives animals a good idea of who will (successfully) support them and who will intervene against them in future confrontations with known opponents.

Evolutionary trade-offs

large brains energetically costly to maintain

Social intelligence hypothesis

the theory that primates having large brains evolved to help them navigate complex social systems in primate groups (ex

Extractive foraging hypothesis

primates evolved large brains because larger brains provide the ingenuity required to get hard to reach food sources (ex

Behavioral flexibility hypothesis

primates evolved large brain because it let them learn new solutions to problems and cope with both ecological and social challenges, as larger brains provide the ingenuity required to come up with complex solutions

Encephalization

ratio of brain mass to body mass increases with primates

Senescence

The condition or process of deterioration with age

Primate coalition formation

at least 3 people are required to form a coalition, and several different kinds of interactions are going on simultaneously

Redirected aggression

Exhibited when a primate is attacked and then immediately threatens or attacks a lower-ranking group member who was not involved in the original incident

Theory of mind

refers to the idea that a primates' ability to predict what others will do in particular situations is based on their knowledge of the mental states of others

Large Primate Brain

Brain Structure

Cerebellum

coordinates muscular function

Brain stem

very ancient structure that regulates bodily functions like cardiac, respiratory and sleep cycle

Phylogenetic history

often referred to as reptilian brain

Neocortex

is associated with problem solving and behavioral flexibility and regulation, which is critical in primates