Studied by 20 people
cutaneous membrane
another name for the integument
dermatology
the scientific study of and treatment of the skin
trauma, harmful chemicals, pollutants, microbes, dehdration
the skin protects against these thigs:
true
true/false: the skin is made up of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue
epidermis and dermis
these two make up the cutaneous membrane
epidermis
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
dermis
areolar+dense irregular connective tissue and smooth muscle tissue
subcutaneous
areolar and adipose connective tissue and blood vessels make up this layer
protection, heat regulation, absorption, secretion, excretion, sensation
6 functions of the integument
UV rays, infection, abrasion, dehydration; prevents chemicals from getting into deeper tissue
skin protects our bodies from…
maintaining 98.6 degree F via homeostasis; subcutaneous insulates
skin regulates heat by…
whatever you put on it, Vitamin D, water, lotion, etc
skin absorbs…
water, salts, urea via sweat
skin secretes…
sebum (iols)
skin excretes…
presure, pain, temperature
skin senses…
5
number of layers in the epidermis
basale/germinativum
layer of cuboidal/low columnar cells on the basement membrane separating the epidermis from the connective tissue of the dermis; contains 3 different types of cells
keratinocytes
keratin-making cells located throughout all epidermal strata
keratin
tough, insoluble protein that helps give skin strength and make it water resistant and prevent dehydration
melanocytes
melanin-making cells that have long/branch-like processes; production of melanin in response to UV light exposure
merkel cells
aka Tactile cells; when compressed, release chemicals that stimulate nerve endings, which provides infor about the stimulus
stratum spinosum
multiple layers of polygonal keratinocytes; aka spiny layer
stem cells in the stratum basale get pushed up towards the stratum spinosum
how are new cells formed in the stratum spinosum?
desmosomes
these bind keratinocytes together in the stratum spinosum
langerhans cells
aka epidermal dendritic cells; fight infection in the epidermis
3-5
number of layers of keratinocytes located within the stratum granulosum
keratinization
begins in the granulosum layer
keratinization
keratinocytes fill up with protein, causing the nucleus+organelles to die, killing the cell; dead cells reach the epidermis and strengthen it
stratum lucidum
the clear layer; 2-3 layers; found only in thick skin located in the palms and soles
eleidin
found in the stratum lucidum; protects skin form UV light
stratum corneum
visible cells of the skin that are 20-30 layers thick; dead, scaly and anucleate
2 weeks
how long it takes new skin cells to become part of the stratum corneum
2 weeks
how long skin cells stay in the stratum corneum before being sloughed off
stratum corneum
thickness and the anti-bacterial protein found in sweat from the exocrine glands help prevent bacterial growth in this layer
stratum lucidum
this layer is missing from thin skin
thick skin
0.4-0.6 mm, all 5 strata layers, located on palms and soles, and only contains sweat glands
thin skin
0.075-0.150 mm, 4/5 strata layers, located all over the body, and contains hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands
hemoglobin
red pigment
melanin
black, brown, tan, yellow-brown pigment
carotene
yellow/orange pigment
carotene
gets converted to Vitamin A which helps with vision; can be acquired from yellow/orange veggies; reduces potentially dangerous molecules called free radicals which allows the immune cell number to increase
stratum corneum
carotene accumulates in this layer
amino acids
instead of using UV light, sunless tanners use an ingredient that binds with ____ _____ in the cells of the superficial layer of skin
nevus
mole; an overgrowth of melanin-forming cells in one area; harmless
freckles
localized areas of increased melanocyte activity; affected by sun exposure and heredity
capillary hemangioma
strawberry colored birthmarks; benign tumor caused by increased number of blood vessels; present at birth but disappear
cavernous hemangioma
port-wine stains caused by large blood vessels; may last a lifetime
friction ridges
whorls pattern; formed from large folds and valleys of the dermis/epidermis
friction on contact
fingerprints are flexible and unique but their shape allows for
dermis
layer beneath the epidermis; 0.5-3.0 mm thick
collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
connective tissues found in the dermis
papillary and reticular
layers of the dermis
papillary dermis
areolar CT, contains dermal papillae and epidermal ridges that increase surface area and connect epidermis to the dermis
dermal papillae
this feature of the papillary dermis contain capillaries for nutrients as well as sensory nerve endings
reticular dermis
dense irrgular CT; hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, nerves, blood vessles
parallel
surgical cuts made ____ to cleavage lines will minimize scarring
perpendicular
surgical cuts made ____ to cleavage lines will increase scarring
absorbs
keratin _____ water
subcutaneous layer
pads+protects the body, acts as an energy reservoir and provides thermal insulation; allows for independent movement of skin and muscle
areolar and adipose CT and blood vessles
tissues that form the subcutaenous layers
dermis; epidermis
collagen in found in the _____while kertain is found in the _____
basale layer
you shouldn’t pop blisters because you risk introducing bacteria into this layer
pacinian corpuscle
mechanoreceptor that is sensitive to high frequency vibration and deep pressure
true
true/false: the basale layer is close to blood vessels
spinosum
starshaped cells are located in the stratum _____
granulosum
the darkest and grainy layer is the stratum _____
lipids
vesicles of ____ accumulate to make the the granulosum layer grainy and stain it
cyanosis
bluish tint caused by darker hemoglobin because of a lack of oxygen
jaundice
yellowing of skin because of liver failure
tumor
overgrowth of cells
vitiligo
auto-immune disease that causes a depletion of pigment in the skin
basal cell carcinoma
originates in the stratum basale; rarely fatal; most common skin cancer; usually occurs on the face
squamous cell carcinoma
develops in the keratinocytes of stratum spinosum; non fatal but can be agressive; red, scaly lesions
melanoma
most dangerous skin cancer that forms in the melanocytes, usually in a preexisting mole; good survival rate when detected early
dermal innervation
distribution of nerve fibers
detect touch
merkel cells and meissner’s corpuscles
bare nerve endings
pain caused by…
detect pressure
lamellated or Pacinian corpuscles
plexus
network
bruise
ruptured blood vessel
hematoma
deep bruise
vasodilation
the dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.
vasoconstriction
the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.
lanugo
baby hair
vellus
peach fuzz (on face, neck, arms, legs, trunk)
terminal
regular pigmented hair
33 mm/day
daily growth of hair
pheomelanin
orange melanin
eumelanin
brown/black melanin
aging
loss of melanocytes
grey
a very small amount of pigment in hair
white
no pigment at all in hair
anagen stage
active phase of hair where normal growth occurs
catagen stage
transition phase when the hair stops growing and detaches from the base of the follicle; can be caused by stress
telogen stage
resting phase when growth stops and club hair is completely formed
sympathetic neurons
work automatically; you don’t have to think about it; help with fight or flight responses
sebaceous glands
type of holocrine gland that secretes sebum
arrector pili muscle
contract consistently to push oil out of sebaceous glands
sebum
inihibits bacteria growth and lubricates
dandruff
dried oil and dead skin cells; cradle cap in babies
Note 
Flashcard (41)