10.3, 10.4 Antibodies & Immunity, Cholera

Define active immunity

defence against pathogens via antibody production in the body

Active immunity is __(speed) acting & provides __-term immunity

slow, long

Define antigen

marker on microorganism causing body to make antibodies

Antigens are all diff. & are __ shapes to antibodies

complementary

L__ recognise foreign antigens & make a__

lymphocytes, antibodies

Define antibody

protein made by lymphocytes in response to antigen

Antibodies either b__ to antigen to destroy the p__ OR m__ the pathogen for d__ by p__

bind, pathogen, mark, destruction, phagocytes

Role of Antibodies
A__: attaching to a__ & c__ together particles
> harder for p__ to move

agglutination, antigens, clumping, pathogen

Role of Antibodies
S__ chemicals: signals presence of pathogens to p__
> more pathogens engulfed bc of a__

secreting, phagocytes, agglutination

Immunity
> inital response of l__ finding pathogens takes days i.e. we get sick
> after, lymphocytes make m__ cells, retaining i__ for making specific a__
> thus if u get reinfected w/ s__ pathogen, a__ are made faster & more are made
>> pathogens d__ before multiplying & causing i__
>> = immunity after only having it o__

lymphocytes, memory, instructions, antibodies, same, antibodies, destroyed, illness, once

Vaccination
> provides p__ against s__ diseases
> allows dead/a__ form of disease-causing p__ (specific a__) to go into the body
> in this form, pathogens can’t cause i__ but provokes i__ response
> l__ act = antibodies made = m__ cell = long lasting

protection, specific, altered, pathogen, antigen, illness, immune, lymphocytes, memory

Preventing Spread of Disease via Vaccination
H__ immunity
> If a __ % of the pop is vaxxed, the entire pop is p__ as there’s only a few places for pathogens to breed
>> the pathogen can only enter __ people
> prevents epidemics & p__
> thus many c__ are vaxxed early = high vaxxed pop
> more unvaxxed = more r__ of mass infection = mass infection = more death

herd, large, protected, unvaxxed, pandemics, children, risk

Preventing Spread of Disease via Vaccination
P__ immunity
> __-term defence against pathogens via a__ from another indiv.
> __-acting

passive, short, antibodies, fast

Where to get passive immunity?
B__: mother → infant; important as helps fight infections early stage

breastfeeding

Where to get passive immunity?
Across p__

placenta

Where to get passive immunity?
Injecting s__

serum

Are memory cells produced in passive immunity?

no

What is diarrhoea?

loss of watery faeces

How is diarrhoea treated?

oral rehydration therapy

How cholera causes diarrhoea
1. ingest i__ food/water, enters & attaches to s__ i__
2. produces t__, stimulates c__ lining intestine to release __ ions
3. The ions a__ in lumen of s.i. & __(incr/lower) water potential
4. As water potential < cells lining intestine, o__ occurs (water moves __ of cells, into s.i.)
5. Lots of water l__ via w__ faeces
6. Blood has too little ions & water

infected, small intestine, toxins, cell, Cl-, accumulate, lower, osmosis, out, lost, watery