History Unit 2

quresh

ancient Bedouin tribe near Mecca to which Muhammad belonged

muezzin

a man who calls Muslims to prayer from the minaret of a mosque

who was Khadija

The first wife of the prophet Muhammad (widow merchant, 15 years older than M.)

umma

The community of all Muslims

who was Bilal al-Habashi?

first muezzin, Ethiopian, Muhammad bought his freedom from slavery

what did gabriel tell muhammad?

to recite

what is a hakim/hakima?

sage-like judge

what is a sheikh

leader of an Arab tribe

relevance of the year 622 AD?

first year in muslim calendar, Muhammad & his followers fled from mecca to medina to escape persecution (hijra)

what is tawhid?

absolute oneness of God

5 pillars of islam?

salat, zakat, hajj, shahada, and Ramadan

what is salat

pray 5x a day

what is zakat

donation/charity

what is hajj

pilgrimage to mecca

what is shahada

monotheism/muhammad is the final prophet of god

what is Ramadan

fasting (sawm) for one month

relevance of 632 AD

Muslims defeat Quresh & enter Mecca freely, smash idols inside the Kaaba, reconsecrated (believed it was originally built by Abraham for them)

who were the Rashidun

Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali (the right caliphs)

what did abu bakr do during his rule

unified the arab peninsula

what did umar, uthman, and ali do during their rule

conquered the Sassanian empire

when did muhammad die

634 AD

who was charles martel

pushed muslims out of france

what does the sharia consist of

koran and hadith

what was the hadith

record of the words of muhammad

what is the diwan

high government ministry in various Islamic states

who were the Mu'awiyya and what did they do?

first caliph after the Rashidun, moved the capital to Damascus (originally Medina), became a lot like Caesar (public did not approve, they lived in a palace with guards) said that the next caliph had to be their son (started dynastic empire)

who overthrew the Mu'awiyya and when?

overthrown by revolution in 750 led by Abbasid (Abbasid wanted to change everything back to the time of the prophet)

what happened after the Mu'awiyya were overthrown in 750 AD?

Mansur built Baghdad (new capital city, close to Ctesiphon, the capital of the Sassanian empire to show power)

who was the most famous poet-entertainer and how was he (almost) killed?

Abu Nuwas, executed b/c of blasphemy to Harun but then he was pardoned b/c of his beautiful praises

how would you describe Harun al-Rashid?

the most powerful of Abbasid caliphs, but he was kind of an oaf and his advisors controlled him

what was the result of the Abbasids vs. the Tang Dynasty in 751 AD?

paper was brought to the Islamic Empire which spurred on the Golden Age

what did each country develop in the field of knowledge? persians, india, greece

persians statecrafts, india math, greece philosophy and architecture

where did funding for the Abbasid empire come from?

looting treasures

what was the Bayt al-Hikma?

house of knowledge built by Mamun (hikma meaning school of)

who invented the astrolabe?

the greeks

who invented the lateen sail?

the arabs

when did the caliphs lose power?

the late 9th century

who was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Kwharizmi?

780-850 AD, mathematician, zij tables for astronomy, sin/cos/tan

who was Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi?

865 AD Tehran, converted to Islam (originally jewish), blind physician/alchemist/surgeon, importance of opium for medicine, Platonist

who was al-Farabi?

870 AD, follower of Aristotle, believed that logic had 2 components: ideas and proof, conceptualizatoin, proved that a vacuum exists, wrote 160 books, christian cleric apprentice

who was ibn-Rushd?

1126 AD Cordoba, Spain, personal physician, Qadi (judge in Seville), was exiled but then returned, positive influence on Jewish philosophers, Greek rationalism/mysticism (didn't think Greek and Muslim ideas should be combined, fought other scholars to keep them separate), increased interest in Greek philosophy, huge contributor to Scholasticism

ibn-Sina (Avicenna)

980-1037 AD, Aristotleian philosophy/medicine, cured diseases, wrote the Canon of Medicine (whose ideas r still used in UCLA and Yale today!), metaphysics, philosopher, father of modren medicine, invented the scientific method, died of colic

describe the Eurasian steppe

prairie, flat land from Mongolia to Hungary

describe some attributes of the pastoral nomad lifestyle

lived in houses called gers, believed in fictive kinship, warlike, had women warriors too (gender egalitarianism)

who was Tengri

supreme sky god of the Mongols

who was Temujin

Genghis Khan

what were the religious leaders of Animism known as?

shamans, holy priests that can communicate w/spirits

what is a Mongol tribal council known as?

Quraltai

what did the Quraltai decide in 1206?

they elected Temujin to be a leader of all tribes

what does the name Genghis Khan mean?

universal ruler

what did Genghis Khan do to unite all regions?

created a new version of the army that cut across the tribal system

what was the story of Subodei?

challenged Genghis Khan and became a general for his resistance, conquered Russia & led the attack onto Europe

what were the two dynasties in china at the time?

Chin (North), Song (South)

what year did the Mongol Empire conquer China?

1215, they subdued the Southern Chinese states first

what led to the conquest of the Khwarezm empire?

Khwarezm Shah killed Mongol ambassadors, then the Mongols conquered the Khwarezm empire using terror tactics, the mongols also brought chinese siege engineers to Khwarezm

true or false did the mongols bring gunpowder to europe?

true

who was Yelu Chucai?

advisor to genghis, started taxing the chinese as a source of money

what year did the mongols conquer russia

1223

what happened when genghis khan died?

his son Ogedei succeeded him, O. decided to invade Europe (Hungary & Poland)

who were the Teutonic Knights?

warrior monks, invaded Russia because they weren't Catholic, practically the best army possible

what was the battle of Leignitz?

1241, Teutons vs. Mongols, knights wore heavy chain mail, mongols were nimble: pretended to flee then shot backwards, Mongol victory

when and why did Khan Ogedei die?

1241, alcoholic

true or false the turks did not join the mongols

false, the turks did join them

what was the division of land known as in the mongol empire

ulus

name the 4 khanates

khanate of the great khan, the ilkhanate, the golden horde, chagatai

what was the first capital of the mongol empire?

karakorum

what was the second capital of the mongol empire?

beijing

what was kumis?

fermented mare's milk

who was hulagu?

not a son of Genghis, general who ruled the Ilkhanate (Persia & Iraq), killed the last caliph in 1258, gave him a noble death (wrapped up in carpet and ran over by horses)

when did the Sultan of Egypt kick out the Mongols from egypt?

1260, Sultan Baybars kicked the mongols out at the battle of Ayn Jalut

who was ibn Battuta?

wrote a book on his travels, the Rihla

what was the Pax Mongolica?

peaceful period trade/collaboration, spread of ideas, products

describe the Khanate of the Great Khan

ruled by Kublai Khan from 1260 to 1294, moved the capital to beijing in 1271, conquered teh Song dynasty, began to assimilate to China

what was the name of the Mongols own assimilated Chinese dynasty?

the Yuan dynasty

what was the Kievan Rus?

A union of city states organized by Scandinavian warriors, conquered by the Mongols

what religion did Vladimir convert Russia to?

Orthodox Christianity

what was the Tatar Yoke?

like the Dark Ages, Mongols conquered Russia (led to the tumultuous history of Russia)

who was Ivan the 3rd?

kicked Mongols out of Russia in 1480 AD

when and who converted the Mongols to Islam?

early 1300s under Ozbek

what did Otemish Heijji write about?

history of Islamic conversion

summarize the tale of Sufi Baba Tukles?

after a debate w/shamans, emerges from fire unscathed, shamans get burned to a crisp, therefore Islam is the true religion

what is Synchretism

blending of 2 religions

what caused the Ilkhanate to become very poor?

randomly collected taxes

who returned the Ilkhanate to an almost Golden Age and how?

Ghazan Khan, instituted reform: created a tax schedule, fixed irrigation

was tamerlane related to genghis khan?

no, he claimed descent, however

what were the 2 religions that the Mongol empire followed?

islam (west), buddhist (east)

who was Tamerlane?

militaristic adventurer, 1336-1405

what was Tamerlane's un-Latinized name and what did it mean?

Timur-i-Lenki, "disabled"

what kind of person was Tamerlane?

very savage, conquered Northern India, his sons were more scientists than politicians

what was the observatory of Ulugh Beg?

giant Sextant in Samarkand

what did Babur I do?

descendant of Tamerlane, established the Mughal Dynasty in India

sunni vs. shia muslim sects

sunni (majority) - follow exactly what the prophet did, shia - just iran, more of a political party, believed the caliph must be a descendant of the prophet