other functional groups

A carbonyl compound is a compound that contains...

C=O

general formula of aldehydes?

C_nH_2nO

We call a molecule an aldehyde when it contains a carbonyl group bonded to…

a carbon and a hydrogen/two hydrogens

How do we write the structural formula of aldehydes?

RCHO

What’s the name of this molecule?

hexanal

What’s the name of this molecule?

methanal

What is the general formula of ketones?

C_nH_2nO

ketone

contains a carbonyl group bonded to two carbons

The general formula of ketones is the same as the general formula of...

aldehydes

How do we write the structural formula of ketone?

RCOR

What’s the name of this ketone?

hexan-3-one

When naming ketones, we write the position number...

before the ‘one’

general formula of carboxylic acids?

C_nH_2n+1COOH

The general formula of a carboxylic acid with 3 carbons is...

C₂H₅COOH

What’s the name of this molecule?

butanoic acid

We call a molecule a carboxylic acid when it contains a carbonyl group that’s bonded to…

a hydrogen and a hydroxyl group

a carbon and a hydroxyl group

Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids all experience which forces…

Van der Waals forces.

dipole-dipole forces

Hydrogen bonding only occurs when hydrogen is covalently bonded to…

fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen

For carbonyl compounds with the same number of carbons, we would expect the melting and boiling points of…(3)

aldehydes and ketones to be similar

carboxylic acids to be higher than aldehydes

carboxylic acids to be higher than ketones

As the length of the carbon chain in carbonyl compounds increases, the...(3)

strength of Van der Waals forces increases.

melting point increases

boiling point increases.

Because carbonyl compounds contain a polar bond, we would expect solubillity to...(2)

small carbonyl compounds to be highly soluble in water.

their solubility to decrease as the length of the carbon chain increases

carboxylic acids have a hydroxyl group. Compare solubility to other carbonyls

more soluble than aldehydes

more soluble than ketones

The most soluble carbonyl compound is...

carboxylic acids

Predict which of these compounds has the highest boiling point:

Propanoic acid

Butanone

Propanal

Propanoic acid

Propanoic acid has a higher boiling point than butanone and propanal because propanoic acid experiences hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of its hydroxyl groups. Hydrogen bonds are the strongest of the intermolecular forces ((Van der Waals forces << dipole-dipole forces << hydrogen bonds).).

Predict which of these compounds is most soluble in water:

Propanal

Propanone

Propanoic acid

Propanoic acid

All of these small carbonyl compounds are highly soluble in water because they contain a polar carbonyl group that can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

However, unlike propanal and propanone, propanoic acid also has a hydroxyl group. This means that propanoic acid can form more hydrogen bonds with water molecules, making it most soluble in water.