Chapter 8: Biological Bases: Consciousness

**Dependence**

occurs when an individual continues using a drug despite overarching negative consequences in order to avoid unpleasant physical and/or psychological feelings associated with not taking it.

**Hilgard’s theory of the hidden observer**

hypnosis somehow divides or dissociates the mind into two parts.

**Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)**

may also be linked to sleep apnea.

**problem-solving theory of dreaming**

holds that dreams provide a chance for the mind to work out issues that occupy its attention during waking hours.

**activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming**

postulates that dreams are the product of our awareness of neural activity due to sensory input while we are sleeping.

Parasomnias

involve abnormalities of movement during deep sleep; they include sleepwalking (or somnambulism) and night terrors.

Narcolepsy

is the inability to stay awake.

Hilgards theory

According to ________ of the hidden observer, hypnosis somehow divides or dissociates the mind into two parts.

Meditation

refers to a variety of techniques, many of which have been practiced for thousands of years, and which usually involve learning to train ones attention.

latent content

is the emotional significance and underlying meaning of the dream.

Hypnosis

is an altered state of consciousness in which the hypnotized person is very relaxed and open to suggestion.

Dependence

occurs when an individual continues using a drug despite overarching negative consequences in order to avoid unpleasant physical and /or psychological feelings associated with not taking it.

nightmare

is an elaborate dream sequence that produces a high level of anxiety or fear for the dreamer.

Insomnia

is the most common of the sleep disorders and represents the inability to fall asleep or to maintain sleep.

Photoreceptors

send signals to the brains pineal gland, which is the region responsible for the production of melatonin.

William James

________ spoke of a stream of consciousness.

Withdrawal

refers to the process of weaning off a drug one has become dependent upon; this often involves physical and psychological symptoms of a highly unpleasant nature.

Dyssomnias

are abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep, and they include insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea.

psychoanalytic theory

the manifest content, or storyline and imagery of the dream, offers insight into and important symbols relating to unconscious processes.

unconscious level

commonly refers to automatic processes, such as breathing or the beating of the heart.

Consciousness

is defined as the awareness that we have of ourselves, our internal states, and the environment.

preconscious level

contains information that is available to consciousness but is not always in consciousness.

Sleep apnea

is a disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing while sleeping, which results in awakening after a minute or so without air.

Brain waves

are usually measured with electroencephalograms (EEGs), which provide a picture of the electrical activity of the brain.

Sleep

is an altered state of consciousness.

**state of consciousness**

enables us to evaluate the environment and to filter information from the environment through the mind, while being aware of the occurrence of this complex process.

**Alertness**

associated state of **arousal** involve the ability to remain attentive to our surroundings.

**William James**

spoke of a **stream of consciousness**.

**Robert Sternberg**

refers to consciousness as a **mental reality** that we create in order to adapt to the world.

**circadian rhythm**

Our body temperature and other physiological markers follow a day-to-night pattern

**pineal gland**

which is the region responsible for the production of melatonin.

**alpha waves**

this happens when we’re still awake but more relaxed

beta wave

When we are awake and focused

sleep spindles

In stage 2 sleep, a pattern of waves known

**REM (rapid eye movement)** sleep

The last stage of sleep is called

**Eugene Aserinsky** and **Nathaniel Kleitman**

discovered that the eyes move vigorously during the REM stage.