ASU Bio 181 Exam 1

The association of ribosomes with _____ invaginations would support the _____ theory.

membrane, endomembrane

After a cell is pancake shaped in a cell culture dish, the order of events that occurs as a cell walks is?

filapodia, lamellipodia, cell muscle, retraction fiber

T/F It is presumed that the peroxisomes evolved in these primitive, proto-eukaryotes to remove oxygen, which was toxic to the primitive cells.

true

T/F In an extant prokaryotic cell the outer boundary of life is the capsule.

false

T/F When cancer cells are crowded by surrounding cells, the cancer cells become spherical and they can still go through cell division.

true

T/F Loss of the cell wall was required for the endomembrane system theory.

true

T/F Fluorescence microscopy is form of light microscopy

true

T/F Loss of the cell wall is required for the endosymbiotic theory.

true

T/F TEM provides a thin, two-dimensional section of the object being studied.

true

T/F The sytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile.

true

T/F the ancient earth did not contain much oxygen

true

A normal cell is _____ and ____ for growth.

mortal, anchorage dependent

T/F Ribosomes bound to some of the membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory

true

T/F the cytoskeleton gave rise to the nuclear envelope

false

What limits how big a cell can be?

the surface area to volume ratio

T/F DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular.

True

Why did Motility improved the fitness of these early cells?

it allowed them to move away from predators and towards food

T./F the end of the retraction fiber touching the cell culture plate still contains the cell equivalent of super glue.

true

T/F the presumed first step in the transition of the primitive, proto-prokaryotic cell into the primitive, proto-eukaryotic cell was the loss of the cell wall.

true

1n order to examine cells which are smaller than can be detected by the human senses what needs to be used ?

technology

A cell that is itself an organism must have a minimum of four needs presented in lecture

find food, find shelter, find mate, and reproduce.

compared to bacteria which of the cell types below are not responsible for finding food?

lymphocyte, macrophage, and fibroblast

T/F In your own mulitcellular body, different cells in your body have a division of labor between them.

true

T/F The paramecium swims by way of using a flagella

false

T/F A normal cell is anchorage-dependent for growth and mortal

true

what limits the paramecium from acquiring more complex functions?

cannot fit anymore biomachinery into its space

comparing a singled cell eukaryotic organism with a multicellular organism such as yourself identify the major difference from the list below.

division of labor

in the cell biology what can limit the progress of science

technology

T/F a cell that is anchorage-dependent for growth will also exhibit contact inhibiton.

true

explain what limits an individual cell from becoming more complex

individual cell have a limit number of biomolecular machines. In a multicellular organism you get a division of labor between different cell types so that the whole can do more than the sum of the parts with similar number of biomolecular machines per cell.

T/F the contractile vacuole of the paramecium is possibly an evolutionary of the kidney

true

a singled celled eukaryotic organism

has a limited number of biomolecular machines

must find food, shelter, a mate and reproduce

escape from predators

the paramecium discussed in class contained an organelle the contractile vacuole. this is the presumed precursor of the:

kidney

T/F in your own multicellular body, cell with functions have different DNA.

False

T/F A cancer cell will be anchorage-dependent for growth and immortal

false

if something is soluble in water a of hydration forms around it and it is termed.

hydrophilic

T/F active transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentartion

false

facilitated diffusion uses a channel to let components move down their concentration gradient.

true

T/F a single pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel.

false

when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane the contents of the lumen of the vesicle are

ligands that are used in cell communication

T/F the ER is contiguous with the golgi apparatus

false

amino acids can be largely subdivided into groups. what are the two groups

hydrophobic and hydrophlic

what are the orphaned organelles orphaned from?

they are mitochrondria and chloroplast and they orphaned from the endomembrane system

what is the difference between a single pass transmembrane protein and a 7 pass transmembrane protein?

single is singular protein that passes once through the bilayer and cannot create ion channel. a 7 passes through the bilayer 7 times creating channels for ion passage.

for protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as part of the endoplasmic reticulum's lumen or part of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane:

a ribosome binds to the mRNA and a short stretch of protein is synthesized that contains a signal sequence.

we are made up of ____ percent water

50-70

what is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?

triglyceride has 3 fatty acids and phospholipid has 2

T/F the ER is contiguous with the nuclear envelope

true

what are the functions of a membrane?

cell protection and controlling cell movement

T/F its a simple matter (ie thermodynamically) for vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum.

false

is cholesterol good or bad to have in biological membranes

good

the plasma membrane gets new lipids from

none of the above

consider the geography of cells. Actin filaments are present in the cell's ____ and the microtubules are present in the cell's

cortex

T/F chromosomes are made out of Euchromatin

false

Where is the histone H1 found?

they are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei

T/F the diameter of an intermediate filament is 25 nm.

false

T/F the actin filament system is present in the nucleus

false

T/F to get into the nucleus a component has to have the correct signal sequence and pass through a nuclear pore.

True

which cytoskeleton filament system lines the inside of the nucleus to protect it?

microtublues

T/F cilia and microvilli contain a similar number of parallel actin filaments

false

T/F naked DNA does not exist in nature of parallel actin filaments

false

T/F naked DNA does not exist in Nature but scientists can make naked DNA in a test tube.

true

what does the nucleosomal core have in it (ie the basketball like structure on the slides)?

histones

T/F molecular motor use ATP as the energy source to power the molecular motor.

true

T/F the actin filament system extends outside of the cell

false

T/F heterochromatin does not exist in interphase nuclei

false

T/F many chemotherapy drugs act by arresting the cell in m phase of the cell cycle.

true

T/F gap 1 of the cell cycle represents the time when the cell is doing what its suppose to do as part of its cell type. in other words, that is when a liver cell is doing it function as a liver cell.

true

list the three categories of cells in the body with regard to the cell cycle:

1) cells that never go through the cell cycle again once you're born (neurons, muscles)

2) cells that can be induced to go through the cell cycle by injury (liver)

3) cells that are constantly going through the cell cycle. (skin, blood cells, intestine/enterocytes)

T/F cytoplasmic signal transduction controls the checkpoints of the cell cycle.

true

T/F in your body not all cells go through the cell cycle

true

T/F at these checkpoints a cyclin works with a cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e cdk) to regulate the checkpoint.

true

T/F cancer can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation.

true

the activation of both MPF and MAPK results in _______ _______ (two words) of the cytoplasm during M-phase.

setting down

T/F the synthesis/presence of cyclin is what turns on the Cdk as the Cdk is always present but it is the cyclin that is synthesized and degarded in cycles.

true

T/F during mitosis the cytoplasm of the cell is settled down

true

the ________ begins to destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle causing the chromosomes to begin to_______.

cyclin B1

decondense

T/F in the time span of 10 years every cell in your adult body goes through the cell cycle

false

cytokinesis in plant and animal cells takes two forms

animal: contarctile ring formation

plant: phragmoplast formation

an important checkpoint regular is at Gap2/M-phase transition. here cyclin B and Cdk1 activate and form MPF which becomes a ____ _____ ( two words) and causes the DNA to condense into _______.

histone kinase

chromosomes

T/F after DNA systhesis (ie S-phase) an identical copy of the DNA has been made and this is present in the two chromatids when viewed as the chromosome.

true

for a cell to respond to a ligands release from a neighboring cell where the ligand diffuses directly from one cell to another is called ______ communication

paracrine

there are two basic forms of cytoplasmic signaling (ie signal transduction) one uses ____ and the other uses ______.

protien kinases

calcium signal

for a cell to respond to a ligand relased from a cell and uses the circulatory system to get to the responding cell it is called ______ communication

endocrine

when a cell talks to itself it is called and communication ______ cells

within

two types of second messengers discussed in lecture can exist downstream of plasma membrane receptor. these are _______ and _______.

cyclic AMP and MAP kinase

there are two types of receptors, one type of receptor binds to bipolar (hydrophilic) ligands and this is the receptor located in the _______ ________

plasma membrane

the other point where MAPK can become active is ______of the cell cycle

m phase

MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the _____ _____. if kinase becomes active during interphase the cell is triggered to progress through the ______ _______.

cell cycle

cell cycle

when insulin binds to a receptor, this signal first uses

kinases