ASC101 (Chapter 3)

Lateral

Opposite of medial

Medial

Opposite of lateral

Distal

Opposite of proximal

Proximal

Opposite of distal

Caudal

Opposite of cranial (or rostral if within the head)

Cranial (or rostral if within the head)

Opposite of caudal

Ventral

Opposite of dorsal

Dorsal

Opposite of ventral

Cervical

Most cranial set of vertebrae (found in neck region)

Caudal

Most caudal set of vertebrae (found in tail region)

Thoracic

Vertebrae with a dorsal spinous process

Lumbar

Vertebrae with lateral transverse processes (between thoracic and sacral vertebrae)

Sacral

Vertebrae that are typically fused in mammals

Hypsodont

Teeth that grow continuously

Brachydont

Teeth that do not grow continuously

Lophodont

Flat teeth

Selenodont

Jagged teeth

Bunodont

Teeth that meet top to bottom

Secodont

Scissor like teeth

Horses, rodents, rabbits (teeth type)

Lophodont

Ruminants

Animals with selenodont teeth

Pigs and humans (teeth type)

Bunodont

Dogs and Cats (teeth type)

Secodont

Humerus

Bone immediately distal to scapula

Radius

Bone immediately distal to the humerus

Metacarpal

Bone immediateley proximal to the fetlock in the thoracic limb

Femur

Bone immediately proximal to the tibia

Tibia

Bone immediately proximal to the tarsals

Metatarsal

Bone immediately distal to the tarsals

Shoulder

Joint between scapula and humerus

Elbow

Joint between humerus and radius

Knee

Joint formed by the carpals

Fetlock

Joint between metacarpal and proximal phalange

Pastern

Joint between proximal and middle phalanges

Coffin

Joint between the middle and distal phalanges

Hip

Joint between the pelvis and femur

Stifle

Joint between the femur and tibia

Hock

Joint formed by the tarsals

Unguligrade

Limb posture of hooved animals

Digitigrade

Limb posture of dogs and cats

Plantigrade

Limb posture of humans

Right atrium

Chamber of heart that blood enters first

Vena cava

Blood vessel that enters the first chamber of the heart (largest veins in the body)

Aorta

Blood vessel that leaves the heart to the rest of the body (largest artery in the body)

Left atrium

Chamber of heart where blood returns from lungs

Left ventricle

Chamber of heart that blood leaves upon entering the aorta

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart

Trachea

Singular rigid tube with rings that delivers air to the lungs

Bronchi

Pair of airways that delivers air to each of the lungs

Alveoli

Site of gas exchange between blood and airways of the lungs

Renal artery

Blood vessel that delivers blood to the kidney

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney that filters blood

Pituitary

“Master gland” of endocrine system that produces growth hormone

Testes and ovaries

Male and female gonads

Pancreas

Endocrine gland located near the junction of stomach and small intestine

Thyroid

Endocrine gland in throat region

Adrenals

Endocrine gland near kidneys

Insulin and glucagon

Hormones that control blood sugar levels

Prolactin and oxytocin

Hormones involved in lactation

Function of cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

Stress response