Unit 8 - Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

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Psychology

43 Terms

1

Emotion

a response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious behavior

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2

James-Lange Theory

Emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses tp emotion-arousing stimuli

  • Exp: We observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel afraid

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3

Cannon-Bard Theory

emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and simultaneous experience

  • Exp: Our heart races at the same time that we feel afraid

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4

Two-factor theory/ the Schachter-Singer theory

Our experience of emotion depends on two factors: general arousal and a conscious cognitive label

  • Exp: We may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on the context

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5

Zajonc; LeDoux theory

Some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal

  • Exp: We automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat

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6

Lazarus theory

Cognitive appraisal (“is it dangerous or not?”), sometimes without our awareness, defines emotion

  • Exp: The sound is “just the wind.”

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7

High Road

Some emotions (complex ones) travel through the high road. These emotions travel via thalamus to the brain’s cortex where it would be analyzed and labeled before the command is sent out via the amygdala to respond

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8

Low Road

A neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex. Travels from the eye or ear directly to the amygdala

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9

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Arousal effects performance in different ways, depending on the task

  • Performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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10

Polygraph

A machine that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

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11

Facial-feedback effect

The tendency for facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

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12

Behavior feedback

The tendency to mimic others expressions, which can help us empathize

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13

motivation

A need or desire that energizes snd directs behavior

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14

instinct

a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

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15

instinct theory

The theory that states our motivations and behavior are compelled by a distinct set of instincts that are internally fixed

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16

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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17

homeostasis

a tendency to maintained a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of the body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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18

incentives

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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19

optimal arousal theory

the tendency that some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal

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20

Hierarchy of needs

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs

  • Base: physiological needs

  • Higher safety needs

  • Psychological needs

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21

transpersonal

at the self-transcendence level, people strive for meaning, purpose, and communion that is beyond the self

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22

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source for energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hungry.

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23

appetite hormones

  • insulin

  • leptin

  • orexin

  • PYY

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24

Set point

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is set

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25

basal metabolic rate

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

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26

neophobia

dislike of unfamiliar things

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27

ecology of eating

the idea that situations influence our eating

  • unit bias

  • food variety

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28

stress

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging

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29

stressor

event or stimulus that caused the stress

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30

catastrophes

mostly characterized as threatening and unpredictable

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31

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in three phrases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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32

Phase one

Alarm reaction

  • Sympathetic nervous system activates

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33

Phase two

Resistance

  • Temperature, blood pressure, remain high while adrenal glands pump hormones into blood stream

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34

Phase three

Exhaustion

  • More vulnerable to illness

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35

Tend-to-befriend response

under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others

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36

psychophysiological illness

any stress-related physical illness such as hypertension and some headaches

  • “mind-body” illness

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37

psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

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38

lymphocytes

the two types of blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system

  • T lymphocytes - Form in the thalamus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

  • B lymphocytes - Form in the bone marrow and release antibiotics that fight bacteria infections

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39

macrophage

identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders and worn-out cells

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40

natural killer cells (NK cells)

pursue diseased cells

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41

coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

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42

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

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43

Type B

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easy going, relaxed people

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