Emotion
a response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious behavior
James-Lange Theory
Emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses tp emotion-arousing stimuli
Exp: We observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel afraid
Cannon-Bard Theory
emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and simultaneous experience
Exp: Our heart races at the same time that we feel afraid
Two-factor theory/ the Schachter-Singer theory
Our experience of emotion depends on two factors: general arousal and a conscious cognitive label
Exp: We may interpret our arousal as fear or excitement, depending on the context
Zajonc; LeDoux theory
Some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal
Exp: We automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat
Lazarus theory
Cognitive appraisal (“is it dangerous or not?”), sometimes without our awareness, defines emotion
Exp: The sound is “just the wind.”
High Road
Some emotions (complex ones) travel through the high road. These emotions travel via thalamus to the brain’s cortex where it would be analyzed and labeled before the command is sent out via the amygdala to respond
Low Road
A neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex. Travels from the eye or ear directly to the amygdala
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Arousal effects performance in different ways, depending on the task
Performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Polygraph
A machine that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
Facial-feedback effect
The tendency for facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
Behavior feedback
The tendency to mimic others expressions, which can help us empathize
motivation
A need or desire that energizes snd directs behavior
instinct
a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
instinct theory
The theory that states our motivations and behavior are compelled by a distinct set of instincts that are internally fixed
drive-reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
homeostasis
a tendency to maintained a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of the body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
incentives
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
optimal arousal theory
the tendency that some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs
Base: physiological needs
Higher safety needs
Psychological needs
transpersonal
at the self-transcendence level, people strive for meaning, purpose, and communion that is beyond the self
glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source for energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hungry.
appetite hormones
insulin
leptin
orexin
PYY
Set point
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is set
basal metabolic rate
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
neophobia
dislike of unfamiliar things
ecology of eating
the idea that situations influence our eating
unit bias
food variety
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging
stressor
event or stimulus that caused the stress
catastrophes
mostly characterized as threatening and unpredictable
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in three phrases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Phase one
Alarm reaction
Sympathetic nervous system activates
Phase two
Resistance
Temperature, blood pressure, remain high while adrenal glands pump hormones into blood stream
Phase three
Exhaustion
More vulnerable to illness
Tend-to-befriend response
under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with and seek support from others
psychophysiological illness
any stress-related physical illness such as hypertension and some headaches
“mind-body” illness
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
lymphocytes
the two types of blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
T lymphocytes - Form in the thalamus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
B lymphocytes - Form in the bone marrow and release antibiotics that fight bacteria infections
macrophage
identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders and worn-out cells
natural killer cells (NK cells)
pursue diseased cells
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easy going, relaxed people