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History

The study of past events, particularly in human affairs.

5 Themes of geography

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MR HELP

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**M**ovement

**R**egion

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**H**uman-**E**nvironment interaction

**L**ocation

**P**lace

Characteristics of civilization

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Cities

Political system

Long distance trade

Job specialization

Social classes

Sophisticated arts and science

Monumental building

Writing

Latitude

Distance north or south of the equator; runs horizontally

Longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian; runs vertically

Equator

0 degrees latitude

Prime Meridian

0 degrees longitude

Hemisphere

a half of the earth, usually as divided into northern and southern halves by the equator, or into western and eastern halves by an imaginary line passing through the poles.

Carbon dating

Counting the number of Carbon 14 atoms to find the age of bones up to 50,000 years old

Artifact

A human-made object

Paleontologist

A scientist who studies fossils

Anthropologist

A scientist who studies human culture

Archaeologist 

A scientist who studies prehistoric people

Polytheism

The worship of many gods

Monotheism

The worship of one god

Animism

The attribution of a soul to inanimate objects

What is the order of Human ancestors?

1\. Australopithecus

2\. Homo habilis

3\. Homo erectus

4\. Neanderthals

5\. Homo sapiens sapiens

Australopithecus

Including Lucy, walked upright, opposable thumbs, found in East Africa

Homo habilis

Hunter gatherers - "Handy man", larger brain, better tools

Homo erectus

"Upright man", first to: use fire, have a spoken language, and migrate out of Africa

Which human ancestor was the first to migrate out of Africa?

Homo Erectus

Neanderthal

"First Homo sapiens", early religious rituals, buried the dead, died around last Ice Age

Homo Sapiens Sapiens

"Early modern human", migrated around the globe, had most advanced language and technology

What does Paleolithic mean?

“Old Stone Age”

Life in the Paleolithic Age

Nomads who lived in clans, men hunted & women gathered, cave art depicting animals, migrations influenced by climate + food sources

Neolithic Revolution

The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle around 8000 BCE

Who were the only ones left after the Neolithic Revolution?

HOMO SAPIENS!

Effects of farming and animal domestication

Larger food supply, new gender roles

What was emphasized in early art?

Fertility (ie Venus of Willendorf)

Where were the first cave paintings found?

Cave at Lascaux

What does BC stand for? What does AD stand for?

BC = Before Christ

AD = Anno Domini

What is this structure named?

Stonehenge

This river supported what river valley civilization?

Egypt

The Nile came from which lake?

Lake Victoria

Pyramid

"Tomb for eternity", final resting place of Egyptian pharaohs

A pharaoh in the Middle Ages served as a __________ to his people

Shepherd

Hyksos

Invaded Egypt and ruled for 110 years until Egypt used their technology and ideas against them

Pharaohs in the New Kingdom were __________

Stronger

Narmer

Also known as Menes, responsible for uniting Upper and Lower Egypt 

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"The Scorpion King"

Vizier

Chief minister who supervised day-to-day affairs and served as the head of a large bureaucracy

Imhotep

The architect of the first Egyptian pyramid

Hatsheput

Female pharaoh who encouraged trade - Built a statue of herself with a beard to appear less threatening

Nefertiti

Queen of Egypt and wife of Akhenaton (14th century BC)

Amenhotep IV

Also called Akhenaton. Founded a new monotheistic religion centered around Aton, the sun god, and moved Egyptian capital from Thebes to city of Akhenaton. He lost money and territory while promoting his religion

Tutankhamun

Boy pharaoh who returned the old gods

Ramses II

Most powerful pharaoh of the new kingdom

Obelisks and statues were built in the _____________ Kingdom

New

How did the responsibilities of Ancient Egyptian pharaohs change overtime?

Old Kingdom = Pharaohs were more symbolic than active; vizier were active administrators

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Middle Kingdom = Pharaohs were more responsible and were active rulers

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New kingdoms = Strong leaders

During which Ancient Egyptian period did the Hyksos invade?

Middle Kingdom

Who was the first treaty ever between?

Egypt & Hyksos

What is Sudanic Kingship?

Being buried with servants

How did the predictable flooding of the Nile River shape Egyptian religious views?

Egyptian gods were benevolent

Myth of Osiris

Set, brother of Osiris, constructs a tailored coffin to trap Osiris in. The coffin is sealed and tossed into the Nile and it drifts at sea for days before lodging in the soil. A divine tree grows around the coffin and the local king takes it to his palace. Isis, Osiris' wife, teams up with her sister, Set's wife and they find Osiris but he is dead. They bring the coffin home but Set discovers Osiris and chops him into tiny pieces and scatters them so he cannot be revived. Thus is the reason why Osiris must rule the Underworld instead of Egypt

What is the name of the Egyptian sun god?

Ra

Name of Egyptian god of the dead?

Osiris

Which period in Egypt’s history is known as the “Pyramid Age”?

Old Kingdom

Which period in Egypt's history is known to be its golden age?

Middle Kingdom

What is this structure from Ancient Egypt called?

Mastabah

Order of civilizations in Middle East

1\. Sumerian \n 2. Babylonian \n 3. Assyrian \n 4. Neo-Babylon \n 5. Persian \n \n SBANP

What was the most prominent cult during Egypt's Old Kingdom?

Amon-Re cult

Why is the bust of Nefertiti so important?

Shows that artists were striving for more natural, realistic art (not as stylized)

Which monotheistic religious cult was promoted by Akhenaten during Egypt's New Kingdom

Cult of Aten

Book of the Dead

A collection of spells and prayers that Egyptians studied to obtain life after death

The Necropolis

A series of ancient Egyptian funerary complexes occupying a thirty kilometer stretch on the Western Desert plateau in the vicinity of the ancient capital of Memphis, Lower Egypt, today in Giza, Egypt.

In Egypt, the fertile land is referred to as the _____ and the barren land is referred to as the _____

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Fertile = Black land

Barren = Red land

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Which 3 types of writing were found on the Rosetta stone?

Hieroglyphs, Greek, Demotic

What material did the Egyptians write on?

Papyrus

Role of women in Ancient Egypt

\~Had most of the rights of men; \n \~could be priestesses; could own property, run businesses; \n \~Noble women were in charge of temples and religious rites; \n \~acted as regents until pharaoh was old enough to rule

Describe how one gets into the Egyptian afterlife (Osiris)

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One's heart is weighed against a feather (justice)

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Heavier = Death

Lighter = Afterlife (not weighed down by sins)

Mesopotamia

“Land between the rivers”

Which river is this?

Tigris

Which river is this ?

Euphrates

Sumerians (3500-1800 BCE)

Polytheistic, city-states ruled by kings

The Sumerian view of the afterlife was ___________

Pessimistic

Cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians

Ziggurat

A pyramid shaped temple tower

_________________ led to the emergence of social classes

Population increase

Role of women in Sumerian society

Able to own property and have jobs

Babylonians (1800-1500 BCE)

Hammurabi conquered cities and allies, early math, trade network

First Babylonian king

Hammurabi

Hammurabi's Code

"Eye for an eye". A set of laws that governed life in the Babylonian empire

Hittites (2000-1190 BCE)

Chariot and iron weapon wielding peoples from Anatolia

Anatolia

A large peninsula at the western edge of Asia; also called Asia Minor

Who were the best iron smiths of Mesopotamia?

Who were the best iron smiths of Mesopotamia?

What major thing were the Hittites responsible for doing?

Spreading ideas, tools, and language through trade

Assyrians (1100-612 BCE)

Skilled and cruel warriors that used armor and battering rams

Royal Library of Nineveh

Where ancient manuscripts from Sumer and Akkad were collected and preserved (Assyrian) - Built by king Ashurbanipal

Ashurbanipal

Last great king of the Assyrian empire who built the Great Library of Nineveh

Did the Assyrians build walls around their cities?

Yes

Neo-Babylonians/Chaldeans (612-539 BCE)

sought to return to old Mesopotamian values and made Babylon the new center for learning

What structures surrounded Babylon?

Massive walls

During which civilization were the hanging gardens of Babylon made?

Neo-Babylonian era

Nebuchadnezzar

A Babylonian king who conquered Jerusalem and built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Ishtar Gate

The entrance gate into Babylon. It was built by Nebuchadnezzar.

What was the Babylonian captivity?

Babylonians conquered Jerusalem and forced them to live in Babylon and recognize Babylonian gods.

\- Freed by Cyrus the Great of the Persian empire.

Phoenicians

Collection of city-states that traded goods like glass and dye along the Mediterranean sea routes

Where was the economic capital of Phoenicia?

Carthage

Phoenician alphabet

Became model for later Western alphabets

What was the most valuable product the Phoenicians exported?

Purple dye

Persian Empire

"The Rome of the Middle East", large and tolerant empire