ah biology lists

R groups

R groups

basic (positively charged); acidic (negatively charged); polar; hydrophobic

tertiary structure interactions

hydrophobic interactions; ionic bonds; London dispersion forces; hydrogen bonds; disulfide bridges

extracellular signalling molecules

Steroid hormones, peptide hormones, and neurotransmitters

hydrophobic signalling molecules

The steroid hormones oestrogen and testosterone

hydrophilic extracellular signalling molecules

Peptide hormones and neurotransmitters

Interphase

G1, S, G2

Mitotic phase

mitosis and cytokinesis

Mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

identification of an organism

classification guides, biological keys, or analysis of DNA or protein

taxonomic groups

Nematodes, arthropods and chordates

methods of marking animals

banding, tagging, surgical implantation, painting and hair clipping

costs of sexual reproduction

males unable to produce offspring; only half of each parent’s genome passed onto offspring, disrupting successful parental genomes

r selected species

smaller; have a shorter generation time; mature more rapidly; reproduce earlier in their lifetime, often only once; produce a larger number of smaller offspring, each of which receives only a smaller energy input; limited parental care; most offspring will not reach adulthood.

k selected species

larger and live longer; mature more slowly; can reproduce many times in their lifetime; produce relatively few, larger offspring; high level of parental care; many offspring have a high probability of surviving to adulthood.

external fertilisation benefits and cost

benefits: very large numbers of offspring can be produced costs: many gametes predated or not fertilised; no or limited parental care; few offspring survive

internal fertilisation benefits and cost

benefits: increased chance of successful fertilisation; fewer eggs needed; offspring can be retained internally for protection and/or development; higher offspring survival rate costs: a mate must be located, which requires energy expenditure; requires direct transfer of gametes from one partner to another

viral life cycle stages

infection of host cell with genetic material, host cell enzymes replicate viral genome, transcription of viral genes and translation of viral proteins, assembly and release of new viral particles

factors that increase transmission rates

the overcrowding of hosts when they are at high density mechanisms, such as vectors and waterborne dispersal stages, that allow the parasite to spread even if infected hosts are incapacitated

non specific defences

Physical barriers, chemical secretions, inflammatory response, phagocytes, and natural killer cells destroying cells infected with viruses

scientific cycle

observation; construction of a testable hypothesis; experimental design; gathering, recording, and analysis of data; evaluation of results and conclusions; the formation of a revised hypothesis

sharing scientific findings

seminars, talks and posters at conferences, and publishing in academic journals.

reducing harm to animals

replacement, reduction, and refinement

reducing harm to humans

Informed consent, the right to withdraw, and confidentiality