Health Science Unit 1 Test

Anatomical Position

The body is facing forward, standing erect, feet parallel, holding arms at side with palms facing forward

Directional Term: Anterior (Ventral)

on the front of the body

Directional Term: Posterior (Dorsal)

on the back of the body

Directional Term: Cranial

refers to the head

Directional Term: Caudal

refers to the tail or tailbone

Directional Term: Superior

refers to the head, top, or upper body/section

Directional Term: Inferior

refers to the tail, bottom or lower body or section

Directional Term: Medial

refers to the middle

Directional Term: Lateral

refers to the side

Directional Term: Proximal

refers to nearest to the point of reference/attachment

Directional Term: Distal

refers to farthest from the point of reference/attachment

Directional Term: Superficial

on or near the surface

Directional Term: Deep

on the inside

Body Plane: Sagittal

divides the body into right and left sides

Body Plane: Frontal (coronal)

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (front/back)

Body Plane: Transverse

divides the body into top and bottom sections

Body Cavities: Ventral

Thoracic (heart--pericardial, lungs--pleural, blood vessels) and Abdominopelvic Cavity (stomach, instestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen)

Body Cavities: Dorsal

Cranial (brain) and Spinal Cavity (spinal cord)

Abdominal Regions

Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac, Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar, Right Iliac, Hypogastric, Left Iliac

Body Quadrant: Right Upper

liver, right kidney, colon, pancreas, gallbladder

Body Quadrant: Right Lower

colon, small intestine, ureter, appendix

Body Quadrant: Left Upper

liver, spleen, left kidney, stomach, colon, pancreas

Body Quadrant: Left Lower

colon, small insestine, ureter

Body Quadrant: Midline

aorta, pancreas, small intestine, bladder, spine

Body Region: Antebrachial

forearm

Body Region: Antecubital

front of elbow

Body Region: Axillary

armpit

Body Region: Brachial

upper arm

Body Region: Buccal

cheek

Body Region: Carpal

wrist

Body Region: Cervical

neck

Body Region: Digital

fingers

Body Region: Femoral

upper inner thigh

Body Region: Gluteal

buttocks

Body Region: Lumbar

lower back

Body Region: Nasal

nose

Body Region: Oral

mouth

Body Region: Orbital

eye area

Body Region: Patellar

front knee

Body Region: Popliteal

back knee

Body Region: Pedal

foot

Body Region: Plantar

sole of foot

Body Region: Pubic

genital region

Body Region: Sternal

breastbone

Body Region: Thoracic

chest

Body Region: Umbilical

belly button

Body Region: Caudal

below lower back

Body Region: Cubital

back of elbow

Body Region: Inguinal

groin area

Body Region: Abdominal

abdomine

Radiology: 4 types

MRI, CT scan, Ultrasound, traditional Xray

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

magnetic energy, cross-sectional images of body structures, no radiation, not all patients able to do, high clarity

Computerized Tomography (CT scan)

slices body on transverce plane sections, 3D, high resolution, determines exact location/size/shape

Ultrasound (sonography)

sound waves, no radiation, real time movement, prenatal development

X-rays: Radiolucent

less dense, show up dark on film

X-rays: Radiopague

more dense, show up light on film

Density: Air

the least dense, most radiolucent, show up as black on xray film

Density: Tissue/Fat

depends on the thickness of the tissue or the amount of fat; the thicker the layer, the more radiation absorbed, and the lighter the image

Density: Water

represented by blood, or by edema ; mid-range density; more dense than air and less dense than bone

Density: Bone/metal

highest density, absorbing the greatest amount of radiation; since less radiation passes through, the film image is white or lighter than the other densities

X-ray view: Posterioranterior (PA)

back to front

X-ray view: Anteroposterior (AP)

front to back

X-ray view: Lateral

side to side

Tissue Types

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Tissues

Composed of cells grouped by size, shape, and function

Epithelial tissue

Protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces, and produces secretions

Skin

Covers outside of body, lines inside of body

Membrane

2 thin layers of tissue that join together; cells may secrete fluid

Epithelial membrane: cutaneous

Skin- Main organ of the integumentary system; skin is largest, visible organ

Epithelial membrane: Mucous

Linings of endoderm origin, extension of external going to internal (outside to inside), involved in absorption and secretion (nostrils, mouth, eyelids, ears, anus/genitals)

Epithelial membrane: Serous

Smooth, thin layer of cells secrete serous fluid, lines body cavities, reduces friction from muscle movement; composed of a secretory layer and a connective tissue layer underneath

Serous membrane layer: Parietal

Lines the wall of the cavities in which organs reside; produces serous fluid which reduces friction between different tissues and organs

Serous Membrane layer: Visceral

Wraps around individual organs; also produces serous fluid

Connective tissue

Supports and connects organs and tissue; most common tissue/found throughout the body more than any other form

Connective tissue form: Adipose

Stores fat cells

Connective tissue form: Cartilage

Firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton; part of adult skeleton

Connective tissue form: Tendons

Connect skeletal muscle to bone

Connective tissue form: Ligaments

Strong, flexible bands that hold bones firmly together at the joints (bone to bone)

Muscle tissue

Contracts and moves a body part

Muscle tissue type: Cardiac

Striated; involuntary; contracts the heart

Muscle tissue type: Skeletal

Striated; voluntary; attached to the skeleton

Muscle tissue type: Smooth

Non-striated; involuntary; provides movement in various body systems/ forms the walls of hollow organs (stomach, bladder, intestines, esophagus, digestive system, blood vessels)

Nervous tissue

Reacts to stimulation and conducts an impulse; rapid messenger service for the body; two types--neurons (nerve tissue info) and glia (hold neurons in place)

Body system: Integumentary organs

Skin, hair, nails, swear glands, sebaceous glands

Body system: Integumentary function

Body's first line of protection, regulate body temp, receives sensory information

Body system: Musculoskeletal organs

Muscles, bones, joints

Body system: Muscular function

Movement, produces heat, support, protection

Body system: Skeletal function

Provides support and structure, protects organs such as the brain, movement, produces blood cells, storage

Body system: Endocrine organs

Thyroid gland, pituitary gland (master), testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, pancreas, parathyroid glands, pineal gland, thymus gland

Body system: Endocrine function

Consists of all of the glands that secrete hormones; helps integrate metabolic functions

Body system: Cardiovascular organs

Heart, blood, arteries, veins

Body system: Cardiovascular function

Distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing wastes from the cells

Body system: Lymphatic and immune organs

Spleen, lymph, thymus gland

Body system: lymphatic and immune function

Helps maintain proper fluid balance and protect from infection; drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity

Body system: Respiratory organs

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchial tubes

Body system: Respiratory function

Supplies us with fresh oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide; exchanges gases between the blood and air

Body system: Gastrointestinal organs

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Body system: Gastrointestinal function

Digestion; breaks down raw materials both mechanically and chemically into usable substances; absorbs nutrients and transports waste out of the body

Body system: Urinary organs

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Body system: Urinary function

Elimination of waste products such as forms of nitrogen, electrolytes/toxins/drugs/excessive water are removed; maintains proper balance of body water and regulates blood pressure