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Nationalism
The belief in identifying with one's own nation and supporting its interests.
Idea behind Nationalism
The idea that the nation (people) should be the state (country).
Nation
People who share a common culture, language, territory, and government.
1848 Revolutions
They wanted liberal change and were influenced by Enlightenment ideas, including democracy and nationalism.
Italy before unification
Italy was divided into multiple kingdoms and city-states.
Unification of Northern Italy
Northern Italy rebelled and united under King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont-Sardinia.
Monarchy adopted by Italy after unification
A Constitutional Monarchy.
Red Shirt rebels leader
Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Joining of Southern and Northern Italy
Southern Italians joined the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, leading to the full unification of Italy in 1871.
Creation of the German Empire in 1871
Otto von Bismarck used realpolitik to unite the German people under Prussian leadership.
Realpolitics
Politics based on reality, not morals.
Ottoman Empire's struggles in the 1800s
The empire was losing territory in Europe and Africa due to independence movements.
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
The empire was referred to as 'the sick man of Europe' due to its loss of territories and internal issues.
Muhammad Ali
He fought a war with the Ottomans, resulting in Egypt's independence.
Selim III's attempt in the Ottoman Empire
Selim III tried to modernize and reform the empire based on Enlightenment ideas, but he faced resistance from the Janissaries.
Support for Serbia's independence
Russia supported fellow Slavs in Serbia, which became effectively independent by 1815.
Greece's independence from the Ottomans
Western Europe helped Greece, and Greece became independent in 1829.
Role of the environment in industrialization
Environmental factors like mineral resources, rivers for transport, and agriculture contributed to industrial growth.
Main industrial advantages for Britain
Britain had mineral and colonial resources, a strong fleet, and good transportation systems.
Cottage Industry
A system where merchants provided cotton to women who spun it into finished products at home.
Cottage Industry's impact on industrialization
The slow process in the cottage industry led to the demand for faster machinery.
Factory System
The factory system increased production efficiency by using specialized machinery and reduced the need for manual labor.
Steam Engine
Technology that powered trains during the Industrial Revolution.
Coal
Fuel that powered steam engines and caused pollution.
Bessemer Process
Technological development that mass-produced steel from pig iron.
Electricity
Power source that increased efficiency in factories during the Second Industrial Revolution.
Second Industrial Revolution
Period that led to the development of new materials, products, and increased trade.
Oil
Resource that powered cars and focused on maximizing product efficiency during the Second Industrial Revolution.
Industrialization
Process that expanded trade, allowing for faster transportation and communication.
Japan becoming westernized
Japan's response to Western threats by modernizing and adopting Western technology.
Goals of the Meiji Restoration
Modernization and Westernization with a pro-business approach.
Adam Smith
Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations and established the idea of private ownership in industry and business.
Laissez-Faire Capitalism
Economic system with minimal government intervention in business.
Free-Market Capitalism
System where businesses operate based on supply and demand with little government interference.
Mercantilism
Government-run economic system based on accumulating wealth through a fixed amount of silver and gold.
Limited-Liability Corporations
Corporations where stockholders risk only the amount they invest.
Industrial Capitalism
Economic system that led to consumerism, changes in standards of living, and new forms of leisure time.
Living Conditions of the Working Class
Crowded, unsanitary conditions in slums during industrialization.
Socialism
System where the government owns industry, resources are distributed to all, and high taxes support social services.
Communism
Advanced stage of socialism where a classless society is achieved and government is no longer needed, $$ is not needed, and national borders
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Key figures in developing socialism and communism, critical of capitalism.
Impact of Industrialization on Children
Children worked long hours in factories for lower pay and faced dangerous tasks.
Impact of Industrialization on Women
Women gained more independence, shifting from home-based work to factory jobs, and early feminism emerged.
Environmental Problems from Urbanization
Air pollution, water pollution, and deforestation due to urban sprawl.
Social Classes during the Industrial Revolution
Emergence of the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (workers).
Goal of capitalism
Make profit
Goal of mercantilism
Maximize exports
Emperor Japan
head of society
No real power
Genpei wars
damiyo sees kings court is weak
Creates shogunate
Japan remains in feudal system of 700 years
Real power in Japan
Damiyo and Shogunate
Tokugawa leysu
lord who united Japan to end period of age of warring states using field artillery and muskets
Rulers used a system of centralized feudalism to form strong government
Outside influence in Japan by china
Confucian thought
The writing system
Political structures
Buddhism
Japan isolation
Jason rejected European or foreigner influence due to missionaries and merchants
Restricted trade and isolated themselves
Opening Japan
American ships forced Japan to open trading ports
Meiji restoration
emperor and business leaders wanted modernize
Shogun and samauri wanted to be traditional
Conflict resulted in war and emperor won
Karl max
German journalist
Big business owners don’t care about works just profit $$$
Appalled by working conditions
Blames capitalism
Big ideas on Marxism
workers should rise up and rebel against capitalist business owners
Marxism is economic system opposing capitalism
