Ap Industrial Revolution

Nationalism

The belief in identifying with one's own nation and supporting its interests.

Idea behind Nationalism

The idea that the nation (people) should be the state (country).

Nation

People who share a common culture, language, territory, and government.

1848 Revolutions

They wanted liberal change and were influenced by Enlightenment ideas, including democracy and nationalism.

Italy before unification

Italy was divided into multiple kingdoms and city-states.

Unification of Northern Italy

Northern Italy rebelled and united under King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont-Sardinia.

Monarchy adopted by Italy after unification

A Constitutional Monarchy.

Red Shirt rebels leader

Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Joining of Southern and Northern Italy

Southern Italians joined the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, leading to the full unification of Italy in 1871.

Creation of the German Empire in 1871

Otto von Bismarck used realpolitik to unite the German people under Prussian leadership.

Realpolitics

Politics based on reality, not morals.

Ottoman Empire's struggles in the 1800s

The empire was losing territory in Europe and Africa due to independence movements.

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

The empire was referred to as 'the sick man of Europe' due to its loss of territories and internal issues.

Muhammad Ali

He fought a war with the Ottomans, resulting in Egypt's independence.

Selim III's attempt in the Ottoman Empire

Selim III tried to modernize and reform the empire based on Enlightenment ideas, but he faced resistance from the Janissaries.

Support for Serbia's independence

Russia supported fellow Slavs in Serbia, which became effectively independent by 1815.

Greece's independence from the Ottomans

Western Europe helped Greece, and Greece became independent in 1829.

Role of the environment in industrialization

Environmental factors like mineral resources, rivers for transport, and agriculture contributed to industrial growth.

Main industrial advantages for Britain

Britain had mineral and colonial resources, a strong fleet, and good transportation systems.

Cottage Industry

A system where merchants provided cotton to women who spun it into finished products at home.

Cottage Industry's impact on industrialization

The slow process in the cottage industry led to the demand for faster machinery.

Factory System

The factory system increased production efficiency by using specialized machinery and reduced the need for manual labor.

Steam Engine

Technology that powered trains during the Industrial Revolution.

Coal

Fuel that powered steam engines and caused pollution.

Bessemer Process

Technological development that mass-produced steel from pig iron.

Electricity

Power source that increased efficiency in factories during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Second Industrial Revolution

Period that led to the development of new materials, products, and increased trade.

Oil

Resource that powered cars and focused on maximizing product efficiency during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Industrialization

Process that expanded trade, allowing for faster transportation and communication.

Japan becoming westernized

Japan's response to Western threats by modernizing and adopting Western technology.

Goals of the Meiji Restoration

Modernization and Westernization with a pro-business approach.

Adam Smith

Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations and established the idea of private ownership in industry and business.

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Economic system with minimal government intervention in business.

Free-Market Capitalism

System where businesses operate based on supply and demand with little government interference.

Mercantilism

Government-run economic system based on accumulating wealth through a fixed amount of silver and gold.

Limited-Liability Corporations

Corporations where stockholders risk only the amount they invest.

Industrial Capitalism

Economic system that led to consumerism, changes in standards of living, and new forms of leisure time.

Living Conditions of the Working Class

Crowded, unsanitary conditions in slums during industrialization.

Socialism

System where the government owns industry, resources are distributed to all, and high taxes support social services.

Communism

Advanced stage of socialism where a classless society is achieved and government is no longer needed, $$ is not needed, and national borders

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Key figures in developing socialism and communism, critical of capitalism.

Impact of Industrialization on Children

Children worked long hours in factories for lower pay and faced dangerous tasks.

Impact of Industrialization on Women

Women gained more independence, shifting from home-based work to factory jobs, and early feminism emerged.

Environmental Problems from Urbanization

Air pollution, water pollution, and deforestation due to urban sprawl.

Social Classes during the Industrial Revolution

Emergence of the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (workers).

Goal of capitalism

Make profit

Goal of mercantilism

Maximize exports

Emperor Japan

• head of society

• No real power

Genpei wars

• damiyo sees kings court is weak

• Creates shogunate

• Japan remains in feudal system of 700 years

Real power in Japan

Damiyo and Shogunate

Tokugawa leysu

• lord who united Japan to end period of age of warring states using field artillery and muskets

• Rulers used a system of centralized feudalism to form strong government

Outside influence in Japan by china

• Confucian thought

• The writing system

• Political structures

• Buddhism

Japan isolation

• Jason rejected European or foreigner influence due to missionaries and merchants

• Restricted trade and isolated themselves

Opening Japan

American ships forced Japan to open trading ports

Meiji restoration

• emperor and business leaders wanted modernize

• Shogun and samauri wanted to be traditional

• Conflict resulted in war and emperor won

Karl max

• German journalist

• Big business owners don’t care about works just profit $$$

• Appalled by working conditions

• Blames capitalism

Big ideas on Marxism

• workers should rise up and rebel against capitalist business owners

• Marxism is economic system opposing capitalism