UNIT 2 - CLASS SET

What is the primary difference between case studies and naturalistic observations?
A. case studies are analyses of special individuals, while naturalistic observations watch and record behavior.
B. case studies are self reported attitudes, while naturalistic observations are all those in group being studied.
C. case studies are an explanation using a set of principles, while naturalistic observations repeat the essence of a research study.

A

Which is not a characteristic of a case study?
A. data is gathered through a variety of sources and uses different methods.
B. researchers influencing the case, due to bias.
C. studies a social unit deeply and thoroughly
D. in-depth explanations of complex issues in their real life setting.

B

studying brain damage, children's mind and animal intelligence are examples of

case study

Hypothesis is made based on the

the explained behaviors/events by offering ideas that organize observations

Nathan noticed that girls in the lunchroom sat with each other more than they sat with boys. What is this?

A naturalistic observation

Freud's psychological observation of Little Hans is an example of what?

A case study

Birdwatching, documentaries, & other studies where you don't affect the subject & just gather data are an example of what?

Naturalistic observation

Jean Piaget's findings on children's minds through in-depth studies of only a few children are an example of what descriptive technique?

Case study

What study method asks people of their opinion and report their behavior from a certain topic?

The Survey Method

Watching and studying how polar bears react to seals in the wild is an example of____

Naturalistic Observation

Case studies examine only individuals in depth, in hope of revealing things true to us all.
True or False

False
Individual cases may mislead us. The unrepresentative information can lead to mistaken judgments and false conclusions.

How is the case study different from naturalistic observation?

Unlike the case study, naturalistic observation does not explain behavior, it describes it.

Balls of varying weight are dropped for 120 seconds to test for velocity. What are/is the independent variable(s)?

Weight

Balls of varying weight are dropped for 120 seconds to test for velocity. What is the dependent variable?

Velocity

Which of these demonstrates the strongest correlation?
A. -1
B. 0.9
C. 0
D. .62

Correct Answer: A

Why is correlation researched?
A. To best explain the cause of a phenomenon
B. To study the relationship between 2 natural behaviors

Correct Answer: B

These shows us what can happen and they might offer ideas for further study

Surveys, case studies, naturalistic observations

What is the best basis for generalizing about a population?

Representative sample

A researcher is studying the life of Birds in a rainforest and watching the animals actions. What is this?

Naturalistic Observation

While in science class Tommy has to create a hypothesis to an experiment. What must he make sure the hypothesis is able to do?

It is testable

what would be the error in a study researching alcoholism only surveyed alcoholics anonymous members?

Sampling bias

an experiment on stress determines its participants by selecting students randomly and having them answer a survey

random sampling

Psychologist's investigation on a particular client of theirs

A case study

What type of correlation does little scatter have?

Higher correlation

A library is wondering what kind of books the community will be the most popular. What is the most effective thing the library could do to get the right information?

Survey

Which type of research is naturalistic obervations>

Qualitive research method

What is the purpose of a case study?

To investigate a single person, group or event in a detailed and in-depth manner.

According to random assignment, if 1/3 of the test subjects have trait X, what proportion of test subjects should exhibit trait X in each experimental group and control group?

1/3 of people in each group should display trait X

In an experiment, the _________ variable should be manipulated whereas an effect will be observed on the ________ variable.

independent, dependent

What is the range of the correlation coefficient?

-1 to +1

What procedure is a person using then he/she observes animals in the wild?

Naturalistic observation

How could including too many independent variables negatively impact a study?

It would be hard to determine the impact of a specific independent variable on the dependent variable.

Why does randomly assigning people to the experimental group or control group produce more accurate results?

Any preexisting differences between the two groups are minimized.

what kind of variable is the expression of the results expressed by the independent variable(s)

dependant variable

variables that should be accounted for or avoided in order for an experiment to have reliable and or consistent outcomes

confounding variables

Sally gets an A on her test, so her teacher congratulates her. However, she gets a C on her next test, like she usually does. Because of this, her teacher thinks that praise is a bad method. What is this an example of?

regression toward the mean

What is the difference between random assignment and random sampling?

Random sampling creates a representative survey sample, whereas random assignment equalizes experimental groups.

random asssignment

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

double-blind procedure

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic observation

advantages- can observe scenarios impossible to replicate in an experiment
disadvantages- ethical concerns as well as the potential for changed behavior if the subjects know they are being observed

Kyrie observed Angela react to a situation and concludes that everyone would react in this same way. This is an example of...

case study

a girl wants to conduct an experiment, she wants to test the effects of water on plant growth. she uses 3 different pots with the same type of plant, but changes the amount of water that goes in each pot.
what are the independent and dependent variables

independent is the amount of water
the dependent is the plant height

what is the difference between the independent variable and the confounding variable.

whan independent variable is what is being tested
the confounding variable is another variable that might produce an effect on the experiment .
confounding variables usually want to be eliminated.

Researchers use double blind procedures to control for...

the placebo effect

Researchers give Group A a treatment for headaches, and give Group B an inert pill. Which group is the control?

Group B is the control

Learning about a persons background to more deeply understand their mind

Case study

Example: Studying how a population of mice react when new mice with different traits are added.

Naturalistic observation

A scatterplot of data showcases that when more food is evident, a larger amount of birds are evident in a local park. What kind of scatterplot would this be?

Positive Scatterplot

A group of researchers from the National Zoo observed the behaviour of one giraffe that was born without a hippocampus and the researchers wanted to see if the giraffe could still create explicit memories. What kind of study does this represent?

Case Study

Identify independent and dependent variables in the question. How does stress impact disease?

Independent - stress
dependent - disease

True or False: the independent variable acts on the dependent variable, impacting it.

True

Dana and Theo both conduct the same survey at their school. Dana randomly selected students within the school while Theo only surveyed his friends. Which survey is more likely to be a fair representation of the school population and why?

Dana's survey, because she surveyed a random population sample

A student is asked to conduct a survey for a school assignment. It is important that the results are as accurate as possible. Which of the following methods should they use that would provide the most reliable results?
A. Selectively choosing sample participants
B. Choosing a small sample size
C. Choosing a large sample size
D. Ask different questions to each participant

C

Someone working from this perspective might attempt to determine which external stimuli trigger angry responses or aggressive acts. What perspective are they using?

Behavioral Perspective

Someone who is exploring how expressions of anger vary across cultural contexts is using which perspective?

Social-Cultural Perspective

After seeing the outcome of the presidential election, Faye says that they already knew who was going to win. What is this an example of?

Hindsight Bias

Anwar is convinced that his answer for the question on his math homework is correct, however, when checking over his answers the next day he realizes he was wrong. What could this best be described as?

Overconfidence

Where was the first psychological laboratory?

Johns Hopkins University

What year was scientific psychology "born"?

1879

learning about memory, knowing, communicating, are all example of

cognitive psychological

how culture affect your psych is example of

social culture psychological

What perspective might explore how expressions of anger vary across cultures?

Socio-cultural perspective

What perspective might analyze how anger facilitated the survival of our ancestor's genes?

Evolutionary perspective

if axel went around his school and asked people if they preferred coffee or tea, what is this an example of?

Surveys

if julie's sample is taken from their survey and it only represents 1/3 of the population, what is this an example of?

sample bias

correlation ______ the possibility of a cause effect relationship but does not prove such

indicates

juliana aces her math test after wearing her volleyball jersey. after she always wears her volleyball jersey to math tests because she thinks she'll pass(she wont) what is this an example of?

illusory correlation

Correlational Methods

Refers to anything that contributes to a result

Nancy took a test in math class, everyone else averaged around a 70% however she scored a 98 causing the class average to go up to a 78%. What is this an example of?

Positive Skew

If Sarah enters an experiment and develops PTSD what ethical research guideline was broken during the experiment?

No undue physical or mental harm

Who came up with the principle of natural selection?

Charles Darwin

Who among the following would study the physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout a person's life span?

A) development psychologist
B) cognitive psychologist
C) educational psychologist

development psychologist

which organization focuses on participants and making sure consent is given and confidentiality is ensured when presenting their research?
a. American Phycological Association (APA)
b. Association Research Approval (ARA)
c. Industrial Review Board (IRB)

a. American Phycological Association

what is the purpose of deception given to participants in a research?
a. to eliminate the possibility of error had the participant known, their choices would've differed
b. not possible b/c it is unethical
c. consent is needed before using it for scientific validity

a. to eliminate the possibility of error had the participant known, their choices would've differed

What is one of the 4 guidelines the APA research has for ethical research?

personal information must be kept confidential

why can experimenting on animals be considered "morally acceptable"?

animals used in experiments make up 1% of the amount of animals that are killed for food.

what do researchers usually study during naturalistic observation

animals

What is the purpose of a case study

A research approach that helps researchers learn as much as possible about an individual group

why can experimenting on animals be considered "morally acceptable"?

As long as the animal isnt being mentally or physically harmed it is morally acceptable

What is typical of an naturalistic observer to study

Animals

What is the difference between a independent variable and a compounding variable?

Both confounding variables and independent variables can influence the dependent variable. Only the independent variable is being manipulated.

The correlation coefficient ranges from:

-1 to 1

An experiment in which a drug is being tested and the recipient and the assistent are not in the know is an example of?

Double-Blind Experiment

While testing a pill that makes your test scores better, what math class the person is in is forgotten about. This is an example of.

confounding variable

A line with -0.01 has a _________ correlation.

Weak correlation

experiment procedure in which random people are assigned to.

Random assignment

The ice cream shop measures satisfaction with the amount of scoops of ice cream given, although researchers find that satisfaction is also higher when it is sunny. Here, weather is a ______ variable.

confounding

A patient complains that their vision is fuzzy. The doctor prescribes flavored water filled pills and within a week, the patient reports clearer vision. The pill served as a __________.

placebo

True of False; you can conduct an experiment on people without giving them any information.

False; participants much give informed consent

Given participants are debriefed after, can researchers deceive participants?

Yes, this can be vital in determining the success of an experiment.

what is the missing guideline?
1) concent
2)undue physical/mental harm
3) ?
4) debrief

confidentiality

What normally occurs during debriefing (APA guidelines)?

the true motives of the experiment is revealed

Hayden is watching a scary movie with her friends. Hayden had a hunch that Emily, the main protagonist's friend from the movie, was the killer. At the end, Hayden was right and she tells her friends "I knew it all along!" Is this an accurate example of Hindsight Bias?

Yes, this is an example of Hindsight Bias.

True or False. Overconfidence means humans believe they DO NOT know more than they do

False - Overconfidence means people believe they know more than they do.

Max said he got a 10/10 on his quiz. He actually got a 6/10. What is this an example of?

Overconfidence.

The "I knew about it all along" phrase is associated with what?

Hindsight Bias.

Wat was WIlliam Wundt's contribution to the history of psychology?

Founding of the first psychology lab and was the "father of experimental psychology"

How does Charles Darwin's theory tie in with psychology?

The father of evolutionary psychology, established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry and proposed the scientific theory that he called "natural selection"

What perspective says that getting a new car will motivate a teenager to graduate high school.

behavioral perspective

What type of psychology looks into cultural factors that influence human behavior?

cross-cultural psychology