APUSH - Garcia Midterm

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

14th amendment

defined citizenship rights; guaranteed equal protection under the law to all citizens

15th amendment

universal male suffrage

carpetbaggers

negative label given by southerners to any northerner who came to the south for reconstruction (teaching, new jobs, needs for businesses, etc)

scalawags

negative label given by southerners to any southerner who was sympathetic to the north and reconstruction efforts

cooperheads

northern label that applied to any northerner sympathetic to the south

Lincoln's Reconstruction plan

(1863) 10% allegiance from voters, general amnesty, south must draft new state constitutions, states must abolish slavery, speedy repair, high confederate officers temporarily banned from political participation

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

10% loyalty oath, abolished slavery, pardoned ex confederates, and gave their land back (certain officers couldn't vote but Johnson had the power to pardon those who did loyalty and accept no slaves; Confed leaders with more than $20,000 in taxable property are disenfranchised); more sympathetic to the south except aristocrats; less favorable to freedmen bc he's a white supremecist

Wade-Davis Plan

(1863) radical republican plan, by senator Benjamin Wade (Ohio) and representative Henry Davis (Maryland), 50% allegiance, abolish slavery, give black suffrage, congressional oversight of states until state constitutions ratified, high officers banned from government and from the vote

Radical Reconstruction plan

(1867) 50% loyalty oath, ratify 13th and 14th amendment, relocated blacks on ex-confed lands, disenfranchised ex-confeds, 5 zones with military occupation (military act), protected safety and voting rights of blacks, punish south and make sure Reconstruction happens

Military Reconstruction

5 military zones to enforce reconstruction rules and protect voting blacks from vigilante groups; this topic created the Compromise of 1877; used because of the obstructionist policies of the south

"40 acres and a mule"

referred to what was given to freedmen; the belief that the federal government was giving all freedmen land

Thaddeus Stevens

HOR (Penn); most vocal radical republican

Charles Sumner

radical republican US senator (Massachusetts); remember Brooks beat Sumner with a cane

Freedmen's Bureau

provided literacy and education opportunities for freedmen and helped them after the war; headed by Oliver Howard

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; examples- curfews, limited where blacks could and could not work, requiring blacks to be employed, limited where blacks could and could not live

Vagrancy laws

required southern blacks to be employed or face punishments, fines, or imprisonments

Reconstruction Klan

"grand-wizard"/founder is Nathan Bedford Forrest (ex-confed officer), purpose was to stop reconstruction efforts in the south, used intimidation, violence, and fear

Radical Republicans

wanted harsh measures to get south in line

Sharecropping

turned into a replacement for slavery and caused a cycle of debt for southern tenant farmers and made slaves economically tied to their masters

"Exodusters"

the group of freedmen who left the south for the north (especially Kansas); about 25,000, racial tensions increased, major internal migration, many freedmen relocated for opportunity

Emancipation Proclamation

freed all slaves from rebellious states, border states exempted, war objective expanded- abolishing slavery, freed slaves to join the union military, January 1, 1863, "that... all persons held as slaves... shall be... forever free"

Tenure of Office Act

Required the president to seek approval from the Senate before removing cabinet members.

Abraham Lincoln

president from 1860-65

Johnson

president in 1865-1868 term for Lincoln

Ulysses S. Grant

republican, (1868-1876 president)

Force Act 1871 and 1872

used by Grant to stop KKK and protect blacks at the polls

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. removed military from south for Hayes to get the vote to win (ended military reconstruction)

Disenfrachisement

denying or restriction one's right to vote

Property Requirements

required to vote for some southern states under jim crow laws;

Poll tax

required to vote under jim crow laws

Literacy tax

required to vote under jim crow laws; many whites were also unable tp pass; unfair and harsh

Plessy v. Ferguson

supreme court upheld the south's ability to segregate societ, declared that separate but equal facilites did not violate the 14th amendment

Jim Crow

character from a racist mistrel show; state laws that required segregation throughout the south (not federa laws), required separate factilites for blacks and whites, all citizens/races were required to obey, legal codes of segregations (de jure)

Grandfather clause

allowed any citizen to vote, if they or their father/grandfather votes prior to 15th amendment

Booker T. Washington

former slave from the south, headmaster at Tuskegee Institute (AL); advocated for African Americans vocational training, earning civil rights, earning respect from whites, hard work, and honest

WEB Dubois

raised and educated in the north; advocated for liberal arts education, blacks demanding civil liberties, disagreed with booker t.; dubbed BTW's speech "Atlanta Compromise"; 1st African American PhD recipient from Harvard

NAACP

Dubois founded the national association for the advancement of colored people; founded 1909; members= "talented tenth"; blacks and whites, lawyers

Ida B. Wells

journalist and civil rights agitator; anti-lynching campaigns and crusador

The spoils system

"to the victor goes the spoils"; when elected officials appointed friends and supporters to government jobs, regardless of their qualifications; many republicans felt that they could not get re-elected without the system

Political patronage

spoils system

stalwarts

favored keeping spoils system

half-breeds

opposed to spoils system

james garfield

1880 elected, republican, assassinated (wasn't going to run but the people liked him); half-breed

charles guiteau

assisanted james garfield because he thought he deserved a government job for suppporting garfield

black friday scandal

1869; jay gould and jim fisk devised a get rich quick scam; insider help from Grant admin to fluctuate the gold market and get rich, Grant not personally involved

credit mobilier scandal

1872, scam that overcharged the US gov for RR construction; members of congress involved with the scam by accepting bribes, unoin pacific railroad, transcontinental railroad, Grant not personally involved

pendleton civil service act

1883, 1st major gov regulation to stop the spoils system

graft

to use one's political office for personal gain (wealth, power, etc)

"tammany hall"

Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed., corrupt city politics kept party machine figures in power

boss tweed

boss of tammany hall; county courthouse- example of tweed's coruption; his constituents were largely immigrants who he helped in order to get their votes

thomas nast

political cartoonist who exposed Tweed- cartoons in Harper's Weekly

harper's weekly

Newspaper in New York that published the Boss Tweed political cartoons.

andrew carnegie

steel industry; produced the best and strongest steel (through the Bessemer Process), his steel was used with the railroads and building constructions of that era, involved with Homestead Strike (1892 against the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers Union.)

Gospel of Wealth

called on those who accumulated wealth to share their riches for the betterment of society; written by Carnegie

JD Rockefeller

oil industry, kerosene, dominated 90% of the oil market; standard oil company

kerosene

oil

trust

monopoly

monopoly

controls the majority of an industry

sherman antitrust 1890

first major intervention by congress to stop monopolies (antitrust means anti-monopoly); largely designed to stop Rockefeller's Standard Oil monopoly

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil; specifically fought against Rockefeller, against laissez-faire

Jacob Riis

wrote "How the Other Half Lives" that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who lived in the tenement housing.

The History of the Standard Oil Company

a book written by Ida B. Tarbell, it revealed the abuses committed by the Standard Oil Trust

McClure's Magazine

Muckrakers produced a series of startling exposes; was the leading journal for Muckraking articles

Mary "Mother" Jones

labor leader, often helping coal miner unions (such as Ludlow Massacre)

Upton Sinclair

wrote "The Jungle", that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meat packing industry at that time.

Jane Addams

Is best known for founding Hull House in Chicago which offered social services/help

Manifest Destiny

America is called by God to expand and to spread Christianity and its form of government

Frontier Thesis

written by Frederick Jackson Turner; viewed the frontier as the essential element in defining the American character and helped with democracy; frontier closed, what would they do? 1893

Battle of Little Big Horn

montana, Treaty of Fort Laramie, lakota sioux, all of George Custer's men killed in 1 hour, 1876

Colonel George Custer

lead the battle of little big horn and died in battle

A Century of Dishonor

written by helen hunt jackson in 1881, she was an indian rights activist, sympathetic to Indians who never had time to please the US, good for them to be citizens but it takes time

The De Lome Letter

Feb 9, 1898, written by spanish official in spain and sent to spanish official in cuba, but intercepted; published in NY journal so US would get riled up to push for war (the jounels would have more stories and make more money)

Sphere of Influence

A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.

Self-Determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Lakota Sioux

involved in many American-Indian battles, esp Battle of Little Big Horn

Wounded Knee

Pine Ridge, South Dakaota, about the ghost dance, Lakota Sioux, 146 indians dead and 29 us dead, sitting bulls death caused tension

Ft. Laramie Treaty

A treaty made between the U.S. government and the Sioux in 1868. It guaranteed the Sioux the territory in South Dakota west of the Missouri River, but the government failed to honor the treaty when gold was discovered in the Black Hills in the 1870s.

Sitting Bull

chief of Sioux who died right before battle of wounded knee

Ghost Dance

scared the whites; religious dance that wasn't meaning to threaten the whites but was meant for calling to the dead

Imperalism

policy of strong nations controlling weaker ones

The Teller Amednment

promise that US will not keep troops in Cuba after the war or exercise sovereignty over the island

The Monroe Doctrine

1823- europe must stay out of western hemisphere (main idea); self determination for newly independent states in Latin America (motive)

The Platt Amendment

1903- cuba must permanelty lease to the US a naval base (Guantanamo Bay), keep a sound economy- cannot go into debt, keep a sound political system (no civil strife), and recognize that the US can intervene in CIban affairs anytime it feels it necessary to stablize the political or economic situations

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Joseph Pulitzer

He used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party.

William Randolph Hearst

"You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war"; yellow journalist

Spanish-Am War

1898- trying to kick spain out of cuba, guam, puerto rico, and the philippines

"Splendid little war"

Nickname for Spanish American war coined by Hay, indicative of US attitude

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Hay Notes

aka open door notes, diplomatic notes for china to european and asian countries, no country can colonize china- china to be left off limits

Open-Door policy

trade with china to remain open to all countries (example of US sphere of influence)

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

permission granted by Panama for the US to dig a canal ; permitted by the British ; negociated under Roosevelt; 1901, helped establish building of panama canal (under TR, the US ultimately establishes control over Panama Canal; opened in 1914 used to cut through/faster to get to the other side of US by water)

Influence of Sea Power

Alfred T. Mahan; America needs a strong navy to compete with other world powers, in order to maintain a navy, the US needs overseas territories (expansion), need coal and fuel stations for vessels, convinced congress to commission new ships

Alfred Thayer Mahan

navy officer

Roosevelt Corollary

no European power can enter Latin America to collect debts, if a European power is owed a debt by a Latin America country, the US will collect the debt for the European power to Europe, US took on the role of police in the Western Hemisphere

Lodge Corollary

foreign countries cannot own new territories in the western hemisphere (at the time, Japan was considering a land purchase in the W. Hem.), written by Sen. HEnry Cabot Lodge of Mass, reinforced the monroe doctrine and the roosevelt corollary

William H. Seward

Secretary of State purchased Alaska people called it "Seward's Folly"

Teddy Roosevelt

president from 1901 to 1909, progressive republican, war hawk