GLOBAL 1 FINALS 2023

MESOAMERICA

THE MAYAN AND THE AZTEC CIVILIZATIONS

MAIZE

THE NATIVE AMERICAN WORD FOR CORN

OLMEC

THE FIRST AMERICAN CIVILIZATION

STELA

SCULPTED TALL STONE MONUMENTS

TENOCHTITLAN

THE AZTEC CAPITAL CITY

PACHACUTI INCA

A SKILLED WARRIOR AND LEADER, SAPA INCA, EMPEROR

SAPA INCA

AN EMPEROR IN THE INCAN EMPIRE

CUZCO

THE CAPITAL CITY OF THE INCAN EMPIRE

QUIPU

A COLLECTION OF COLORED STRINGS THAT WERE KNOTTED IN DIFFERENT WAYS TO REPRESENT VARIOUS NUMBERS

AYLLU

THE LEADERS OF EACH INCA VILLAGE THAT CARRIED OUT GOVERNMENT ORDERS

MUHAMMAD

AN ARAB MAN WHOM MUSLIMS HONOR AS THE PROPHET OF ISLAM DEVOTED TO HIS LIFE TO SPREADING ISLAM

MECCA

A BUSTLING MARKET TOWN AT THE CROSSROADS OF SEVERAL CARAVAN ROUTES AND A THRIVING PILGRIMAGE CENTER

KAABA

AN ANCIENT TEMPLE THAT HOUSED STATUES OF PAGAN GODS AND GODDESSES

QURAN

EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIORS FROM MUHAMMAD’S LIFE, AND MUSLIMS TRADITIONS

MOSQUE

COMMUNITY CENTERS FOR THE FAITHFUL; HUBS FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION ISLAMIC STUDY, AND GROUP PRAYER

HAJJ

A PILGRIMAGE

SULTAN

EMPEROR IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

OTTOMAN

A TURKISH- SPEAKING NOMADIC PEOPLE WHO HAD MIGRATED FROM CENTRAL ASIA

SULEIMAN

SULTAN OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN 1520 TO 1566, KNOWN AS THE LAWGIVER OR SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT. HE WAS ALSO A BRILLIANT GENERAL AND MODERNIZED THE ARMY AND CONQUERED MANY NEW LANDS. HE EXTENDED OTTOMAN RULE EASTWARD INTO THE MIDDLE EAST AND ALSO INTO KURDISTAN AND GEORGIAN IN THE CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS REGION.

Janizary / janissary-

the elite force of the Ottoman army, they also serve as judges, poets, or even grand viziers.

Safavid-

They had united an empire in Persia (Iran), and were sandwiched between two expansionist powers: India and the Ottoman empire, the Safavids often engaged in warfare. They were Shiite Muslims who enforced their beliefs in their empire.

Shah-

a Safavid ruler.

Istanbul-

Formerly known as Constantinople, the Ottoman Turks conquered the land and made it one of the great trading capitals of the world by bringing in merchants.

Shah Abbas the Great-

He revived the glory of ancient Persia. He centralized the government and created a powerful military force modeled on Ottoman janissaries and used a mixture of force and diplomacy against the Ottomans.

BANTU-

the root language of all West Africa.

Surplus-

extra food than needed.

Commodity-

valuable products, salt.

Ghana-

A powerful kingdom, meaning ruler. By 800, they controlled the gold-salt trade across West Africa and eventually became known as the land of gold.

Mali-

founded by Sundiata, meaning where the kings dwell, the mansas, or kings of Mali, expanded their influence over the gold-mining regions to the south and the salt supplies of Taghaza

Mansa Musa-

The greatest ruler of Mali in 1312, he worked to ensure peace and order in his empire, converted to Islam and based his system of justice on the Quran, but he did not impose Islam on the people, and instead, promoted religious freedom and tolerance and completed a pilgrimage to Mecca which promoted the religion.

Patrilineal-

inheritance passed through the father's side.

Matrilineal-

inheritance passed through the mother's side.

Sultan-

a Muslim ruler.

Mughal-

a Mongolian dynasty, which ruled from 1526 to 1857, the name meaning Mongol.

Shah Jahan-

another Mongol ruler, Akbar's grandson, built the Taj Mahal for his wife.

Taj Mahal-

a building that serves as a burial ground for Shah's wife but also as a monument.

tributary state-

Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea.

Genghis Khan-

founder of the Mongol empire.

Kublai Khan-

grandson of Genghis Khan, ruler of the Mongol empire, tried to prevent the Mongols from being absorbed into Chinese civilization as other conquerors of China had been.

Yuan dynasty-

founded by Kublai Khan, known as the walled city, eventually taken over by Zhu.

Marco Polo-

a explowe under Khan's ruling, wrote a vivid account of the wealth and splendor of China. He described the royal palace of Kublai Khan and also described China's efficient royal mail system, with couriers riding swift ponies along the empire's well-kept roads. Polo's reports sparked European interest in the riches of Asia

Archipelago-

a chain of islands.

Tsunami-

BIG WAVE, killer tidal waves.

Shinto-

The worship of the forces of nature, kami,

selective borrowing-

modifying certain traditions but also discarding and replacing some with others.

Samurai-

warriors who served the daimyo (powerful warlords),

Bushido-

meaning way of the warrior, the code emphasized honor, bravery, and absolute loyalty to one's lord for the samurai.

Humanism-

scholars that focused on worldly, or secular, subjects rather than on the religious issues that had occupied medieval thinkers.

Florence-

A city in north Italy

Leonardo da Vinci-

artist, inventor, engineer, and architect, studied anatomy for his paintings, creator of the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.

Michelangelo-

sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet, known for the statue of David and the Pieta and other biblical works.

Raphael-

fused Chrisitan and classical artwork, created the School of Athens.

Vernacular-

local language of ordinary people.

Johannes Gutenberg-

printed a complete edition of the Christian Bible using a printing press with movable metal type.

Flanders-

a region that included parts of what is today northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, used as a trading center for northern Europe.

Sir Thomas More-

humanist, theorized about utopia, unrealistic paradise,

Shakespeare-

famous playwright, wrote 37 plays.

Indulgence-

a type of pardon that lessened the time of punishment a soul faced for sins committed during a person's lifetime.

Martin Luther-

monk and theologist, creator of the protestant church, made a list called the 95 theses.

Charles V-

the new Holy Roman emperor in 1521, excommunicated Luther his trial.

Diet-

assembly, of German princes at the city of Worms.

John Calvin-

reformist and founder of the Calvanists.

Predestination-

the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation theocracy.

Henry VIll-

king of England titled as Defender of the Church, passed the act of supremacy (apprised the pope and stole his title), remarried 6 times to gain a son heir.

Thomas Cranmer-

archbishop of England, appointed by Henry VIll, annulled his marriage with first wife Catherine of Aragon.

Council of Trent-

council made to reform the church and convert protestants,

Ignatius of Loyola-

created the Jesuits.

Nicolaus Copernicus-

scholar, theorized a heliocentric universe,

Heliocentric-

a solar system surrounding the sun.

Johannes Kepler-

proved the heliocentric theory and showed an eclipse.

Galileo-

created the telescope and also proved Copernicus' theory, was forced to deny his work and spent the rest of his life on house arrest.

Francis Bacon-

discovered scientific method, stressed experimentation and observation, believed in practical technologies.

René Descartes-

believed in human reasoning, also stated " I think, therefore lam."

scientific method-

a step-by-step process of discovery for data.

Isaac Newton-

dedicated his life to study gravity.

Moluccas-

an island chain in present-day Indonesia, the Spice Islands.

Prince Henry-

Known as Henry the Navigator, theorized how to sail to Asia, and how to bypass the Mediterranean by traveling around Africa. He died just before setting out to voyage.

Cartographer-

mapmakers

Vasco da Gama-

he first to sail from Europe to India by rounding Africa's southern tip.

Christopher Columbus-

wanted to reach the East Indies, a group of islands in Southeast Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic.

Line of Demarcation/Treaty of Tordesillas-

divided the non-European world into two zones.

Circumnavigate-

sail around; the world.

Sepoy-

Indian troops.

Manchus-

ruled a region in the northeast, Manchuria, that had long been influenced by Chinese civilization, started the Qing dynasty.

Qing-

pure, dynasty started by the Manchus.

Lord Macartney-

offended the Chinese emperor with a trade that was misunderstood as a gift to him.

Tokugawa-

they became hostile towards Japanese Christians because they were believed to be threats.

Nagasaki Harbor-

the dock where they permitted one to two Dutch ships each year to trade.

Taíno-

a group of natives who lived in villages and grew corn, yams, and cotton, which they wove into cloth.

Conquistador-

conqueror.

Hernán Cortés-

he heard of Spanish expeditions that had been repelled by Indians. He believed that he could succeed where none had before.

Alliance-

joint partnership.

Encomienda-

the right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area.

Bartolomé de Las Casas-

they condemned the evils of the encomienda system.

Peninsular-

people born in Spain.

Creole-

American-born descendants of Spanish settlers

Mestizo-

people of Native American and European descent.

Mulatto-

people of African and European descent.

Plantation-

large estates run by an owner or an owner's overseer.

Missionary-

religious people.