Cardiovascular and Immune System Review

These flashcards cover key concepts, definitions, and facts related to the cardiovascular and immune systems for exam preparation.

Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.

False

Valve that prevents backward flow into the left atrium.

Bicuspid valve

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart and have thinner walls compared to arteries.

Veins

System that defends the body against external and internal threats.

Lymphatic system

Vessels where blood pressure is the highest.

Arteries

Hair is considered a physical barrier in the innate immune system.

True

Prevents blood from reversing into the atria.

Contraction of papillary muscles

A groove that marks the border between the atria and ventricles.

Coronary sulcus

Arteries that carry blood to the lungs.

Pulmonary arteries

Septum shared by the two ventricles.

Interventricular septum

Calculated pressure in the blood vessels, e.g., 95 mm Hg for blood pressure of 125/80.

Mean arterial pressure

Develops from stem cells in the bone marrow.

T cells

All immune responses require activation to fight pathogens.

True

Cells responsible for humoral immunity.

B cells

Cells like dendritic cells and macrophages that present antigens.

Antigen-presenting cells

Immune defenses that are not present at birth.

Adaptive defenses

The left ventricle pumps blood to this major artery.

Aorta

The smallest arterial branches.

Arterioles

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures.

Pulse pressure

System responsible for returning fluid from capillaries to the blood.

Lymphatic system

Formed by the two common iliac veins.

Inferior vena cava

First chamber blood enters when returning from the pulmonary circuit.

Left atrium

Valves that channel blood toward the heart.

Venous valves

Structure RBCs move through single-file.

Capillary

Not part of the lymphatic system.

Venae cavae

Macrophages interact with antibody-encrusted pathogens.

True

Lymphatic system drains into the subclavian veins.

True

The lymphoid organ that filters lymph.

Lymph nodes

Not part of the body’s innate defenses.

Antibodies

Primary activators of B cells.

Helper T cells

One of the branches off the aortic arch.

Brachiocephalic trunk

Pumps blood to the right and left lungs.

Right ventricle

Only vessels where exchange occurs between blood and surrounding cells.

Capillaries

Do not remove excess nutrients from lymph.

Lymph nodes

Cell type selectively infected by HIV.

Helper T cells

Where lymph fluid enters the venous circulation.

Subclavian veins

Cells that destroy foreign and virus-infected cells.

Cytotoxic T cells

Cells that respond to antigens.

Lymphocytes

Blood carried by the right pulmonary veins to the left atrium.

Oxygenated blood

Area of dividing lymphocytes in lymphatic nodules.

Germinal center

Spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue.

Lymphocytes

Circuit where oxygen is added to blood.

Pulmonary circuit

Neutrophils are not the least common white blood cells.

False

Lymphatic tissue is associated with the small intestine.

False

The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel.

Tunica media

Vessels that can be continuous or fenestrated.

Capillaries

Body increases production of these in response to tumors.

NK cells

Found in the pituitary gland.

Fenestrated capillaries

Sequence of blood vessels starting from the aorta.

Systemic circuit

Characteristic of small diameter vessels compared to large diameter vessels.

Greater resistance

Phase where AV valves are closed.

Ventricular systole

Where electrical impulses are delayed.

AV node

Phase when ventricles are passively filling.

Ventricular diastole

Phase in the cardiac cycle when the aortic valve is open.

Systolic ejection phase

Represents depolarization of the atria in an EKG.

P wave