sports psych final

A sociogram can measure

- Friendship choices within the group
- The presence or absence of cliques in groups

Both eligibility requirements and the number of athletes holding scholarships are examples of which antecedent of cohesion?

environmental factors

Task and affiliation motivation are examples of which antecedent of cohesion?

personal factors

The questionnaire used most often in the early research on cohesion in sport was called the

Sport Cohesiveness Questionnaire

Individuals holding stronger beliefs about the cohesiveness of exercise classes are

-more likely to attend more classes
-more resistant to group disruption

Which of the following statements is true?

The cohesion-performance relationship is positive for both interactive and coaclive sports.

Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between cohesion and performance?

This relationship is circular.

Which of the following sports require the highest level of task cohesion?

basketball and ice hockey

In setting up a team goal-setting program, which of the following guidelines should be followed?

-Involve all team members in establishing goals.
-Reward progress toward team goals.

To help clarify team goals, it is suggested that the process include

-prioritizing team values
-building consensus on top team values
-identifying team goals

The Leadership Scale for Sports identifies which coaching behaviors?

-social support
- democratic behavior

In most organized sport teams, leaders and coaches

are appointed

Great leaders are made, not born." This statement is an example of which approach to leadership?

behavioral

The two major categories of behavior found with the use of the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire are

consideration and initiating structure

In their classic study of the coaching (leadership) behaviors of legendary basketball coach John Wooden, Tharp and Gallimore found that his most often-used coaching behavior was

verbal instruction on what to do and how to do it

According to results obtained in studies using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, leaders tend to score

high on both consideration and initiating structure

Regardless of age, athletes prefer coaches who

-give positive feedback
-give technical instruction

When coaches obtain the necessary information from relevant players and then come to a decision, what type of decision style are they using?

autocratic-consultative

Which of the following statements is true?

Athletes high in internal locus of control prefer training and instruction coaching behaviors.

What are the two major categories of behavior from the Coaching Behavior Assessment System?

reactive and spontaneous

According to successful professional football coach Bill Parcells, which of the following is NOT a quality of successful leadership?

trust

Which of the following is NOT part of effective leadership?

position power

The interactional model of leadership targeted for sport is known as the

-multidimensional model of sport leadership
-cognitive-mediational model of leadership

Which type of exercise leader was associated with cohesive exercise groups?

democratic

This leader takes a visionary position and inspires people to follow that position. This is characteristic of

transformative leadership

Breakdowns in communication can occur because

-the receiver misinterprets the message
- messages are inconsistent

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of communication?

retrospection

Which of the following is NOT a type of communication?

introspective communication

Intrapersonal communication is communication with

yourself

Nonverbal behaviors that communicate interest and attention include which of the following?

maintaining eye contact

Proxemics is the study of how we communicate

by the way we use space

What percentage of communication time is spent listening?

40%

Supportive listening behaviors

are empathetic and remain open to new ideas

Supportive language is

Descriptive

Which of the following things should you do during a confrontation?

Communicate the problem

the "sandwich approach" consists of which of the following elements?

a positive statement and future-oriented instructions

Which of the following would you suggest for expressing anger in a positive manner

-take a "time-out" before speaking
-identify your exact feelings by name

Which of the following is NOT a barrier to effective communication?

using active listening skills

When there is a communication breakdown, most people believe that the problem resides with

the other person

Which of the following is an important reason that communication is often problematic?

-Individuals perceive faulty communication to be someone else's problem
-Individuals prefer two-way communication.

Which of the following is a way to improve active listening skills?

-Mentally prepare to listen.
-Use supportive behaviors as you listen.

To enhance constructive confrontations, you should

-describe your feelings
-describe your thoughts about the event that concerns you

Which of the following statements about electronic communication is true?

-Children of baby boomers will be the first generation to grow up with many electronic means of communication.
-Athletes use Twitter to predominantly talk about personal issues and respond to fans queries

The Enhancement of Leadership Interpersonal Teamwork and Excellence (ELITE) program resulted in the improvement in what type of skills

communication

Ideally, a psychological skills training (PST) program should be planned, implemented, and supervised by a

AASP-certified sport psychology consultant

In general, most coaches state that their sport is at least what percentage mental?

50%

The importance of the mental side of sports

does not differ based on skill level

Which of the following is FALSE concerning psychological skills training?

PST is only for problem athletes.

From a psychological perspective, the ultimate goal of psychological skills training is

self-regulation

The PST knowledge base has come from what source?

-research on elite athletes
- athlete-coach experiences

Sport psychology topics that form the basis for PST programs include which of the following?

-confidence building
-imagery

Which of the following demonstrates psychological skills training?

-A fitness instructor suggests using positive self-statements to enhance self-esteem with an overweight client
-A physical education teacher uses relaxation training to help students calm down before going on to their next class

When is it generally best to implement a PST program?

during the off-season or preseason

After a PST program has been put in place, how long do athletes need to continue practicing their mental skills?

as long as they continue to participate in their sports

PST takes what type of approach to mental training?

educational

What is the best way to get information concerning an athlete's psychological strengths and weaknesses?

an oral interview and psychological inventories

New research indicates that which of the following is NOT a construct in the 4C model of mental toughness?

consistency

According to recent research on mental toughness, which of the following is a way to increase mental toughness?

-Create intense competitive practices that simulate game situations.
-Have high expectations of athletes.

A recent study found that coaches particularly use the mental skills of

self-talk and imagery

Which of the following is a phase of a periodization program?

peaking

In a study investigating the use of a sport psychology consultant with collegiate teams, the major issue for not hiring these consultants was

financial

Paralympic athletes felt the two most important mental skills were

confidence, concentration

Recently, what domain has transferred sport psychology skills in a systematic way creating a Center for Enhanced Performance?

military

Although such training is not generally recommended, what type of athletes has research found was able to have intensive mental training just a few days before competition and be successful?

elite athletes

The suggested ratio for the time of inhalation to exhalation when using breath control as a relaxation device is

1:2

A good starting point for increasing awareness of arousal states is to

visualize your best and worst performances

The state of mind produced by the relaxation response is similar to that described during

transcendental meditation

Relaxation (anxiety reduction) techniques are usually classified as

cognitive and somatic

Using an electronic monitoring device that can detect and amplify internal responses not ordinarily available to us is known as

biofeedback

Effective breathing begins in the

diaphragm

Athletes should make sure that when they are performing a skill under pressure, they

breathe out during execution of the skill

Ost has developed an applied relaxation technique using progressive relaxation that can be done at competitions in

20-30 seconds

Excess anxiety can produce

inappropriate muscle tension, inappropriate thoughts, somatic (physiological) reactions

A good way to increase awareness of psychological states in sport is to

monitor and record your psychological states immediately after practice and competition

Which of the following is NOT a coping strategy typically employed by elite athletes?

superstition

Which of the following levels of effort produced the fastest running times of 400-meter runners?

95%

Which of the following can increase activation?

positive mood words and listening to energizing music

An athlete who is underactivated commonly experiences which of the following?

heavy feeling in the legs and mind wandering

Which of the following can be useful as an on-site strategy to help reduce tension?

-Smile when the pressure is coming on
-slow down
-stay focused in the present

Which of the following statements is true regarding research findings on coping in sport?

-Athletes use hoth adaptive and nonadaptive coping strategies.
-Athletes who had more adaptive coping strategies had better performances

A key feature in the multimodal anxiety reduction programs is that they help participants learn

coping skills

For long-term coping, research indicates that the most effective strategy is

active problem-focused coping

The "yips" refers to

a condition most often associated with golf that includes involuntary tremors and jerking of the hands caused by excessive anxiety

The most frequently cited stressor in recent studies by Nicholls and colleagues was

physical or mental errors

Which of the following is a guideline for giving a pep talk?

Give players a plan and Use humor

Type II "yips" is characterized by

choking

Although there are many definitions of resiliency, they seem to have in common the two core concepts of

adversity and adaptation

Which of the following is NOT a recommended coping strategy for coaches?

avoidance

Basic imagery training involves

controllability and vividness

Which of the following is NOT a use of imagery?

reducing the amount of physical practice time

Research using U.S. and Canadian Olympic athletes has shown that approximately what percent of Olympic athletes use imagery

95%

Which of the following is true?

Imagery is used most often prior to competition

Suinn's research showing that electrical activity was present in skiers' legs as they imagined skiing down the slope provided support for

psychoneuromuscular theory

What theory, supported by the research literature, showed that subjects using imagery performed consistently better on tasks that were cognitive than on those that were motoric in nature?

symbolic learning theory

To determine whether using imagery is effective, evidence has been gathered using which of the following methods?

-anecdotal reports
- case studies

The main reason that exercisers give for using imagery is

appearance and energy

Internal imagery (as compared to external imagery) makes it easier for an athlete to experience which of the following senses?

Kinesthetic

The PETTLEP model emphasizes which of the following critical factors in imagery practice?

learning
perspective

Athletes who incorporate all the senses into their image will score high on what aspect of imagery?

vividness

Which of the following is basic to a successful imagery training program?

realistic expectations, relaxed concentration