Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Cause-effect
to provide the reasons that produced a certain result, or to identify the results produced by a certain phenomenon
Example: To give evidence that the presence of lead is contaminating a city's water
Narration
to tell a story with people, places and events
Example: To tell the story of a family whose children have been exposed to lead poisoning
Compare-contrast
to identify ways in which two things are similar (compare) and/or different (contrast)
Example: To profile a state's quick response to an affluent city's water contamination versus a slow response to a poor's city's water contamination.
Definition/description
to explain what something is or to tell what it is like
Example:To give a medical definition of lead poisoning and to describe the long-term effects it can have on children's developing brains.
either/or
When an argument suggests that there are ONLY 2 options or potential outcomes.
Hasty Generalization
Making a rushed conclusion without considering all of the factors or variables.
appeals to ignorance
Saying something must be true (or false) because there isn't evidence to the contrary.
Hasty generalization
"She was wearing cowboy boots in her last Instagram picture so she must be into country music."
appeal to ignorance
"No one I know was on that Apollo mission, so I can't say with certainty that we ever put a man on the moon."
either or
"Do you want to live in a world where you can get breakfast from McDonald's all day, or would you rather live in a dictatorship?"
bandwagon
if the main premise of the argument is that many people believe it or agree with it or do it so it must be true/good/acceptable
authority
the entire premise of the argument is that "a famous person believes it so it must be true," or if your endorser doesn't have anything to do with the topic of your argument
ad hominem
Attacking the person's character or credentials instead of addressing the real argument they're making
ad hominem
"Well, it doesn't matter how I answer your question because your network is just fake news."
bandwagon
[sign outside McDonald's] "Over 100 billion served."
slippery slope
This type of argument suggests that taking a minor action will lead to major and sometimes ridiculous consequences.
faulty causality
This is the assumption that because one event followed another, the first caused the second
weak analogy
Claiming that items with only minor similarities are the same in almost everything else
weak analogy
"Schools are a lot like businesses, and students are the customers so we must assume they are always right."
slippery slope
If we allow students to use their devices in class, next thing you know adults will be terrified of looking at other humans in real life!"
faulty causality
"My cousin went to that restaurant and was really sick the next day, so we'd better go somewhere else if we don't want food poisoning."
appeal to pity
When the appeal to pathos (pity, fear, pride, vanity) is the basis of the argument
straw man
arguing something related to the topic, but avoiding the ACTUAL topic
non-sequitur
A conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement
appeal to pity
Defense attorney to jury: "How can you convict this man of murdering his mother? He's an orphan!"
straw man
Person A: I think we should consider reducing the voting age to 16.
Person B: Oh sure. Letting little kids pick the president and run for mayor will definitely make our country better.
non-sequitur
People enjoy walking on beaches, which are made of sand, so people would probably enjoy floors made of sand in their homes, too!
speaker
A President giving a speech,
a citizen sending a Tweet, a newspaper
staff writing an editorial
purpose
to inform, to persuade , to inspire, to convince
audience
TV viewers watching a debate, readers of a newspaper, a crowd gathered at a rally
context
MLK's "I Have a Dream" Speech is given in the Civil Rights Movement
exigence
The #MeToo movement taking off after high profile reports
of misconduct
choices
a speechwriter may begin with an anecdote, then move to describing a process of change, and end with a call to action.
tone
A religious eulogy may begin mournful, then move into comforting or inspirational
speaker, purpose, audience, context, exigence, choices, appeals, tone
space cat
tone
The speaker's attitude towards the subject
diction
the connotation of the word choice.
imagery
concrete language in a text that vividly appeal to the five senses
key words, punctuation, new paragraph, change in sentence length, sharp contrast in diction
sign of shifts in tone
pathos
appeal to the audience's EMOTIONS
ethics
appeal to ethics, credibility or character
logos
appeal to a reader's logic and reason
quantifiable evidence
Statistics, experiment data, facts, expert opinion
qualifiable evidence
Personal observations, Personal experiences, Testimonies
description
anecdote, illustration
anecdote
a short an interesting story (usually funny)
illustration
to show the reader descriptively
comparisons
examples, analogy
analogy
an extended comparison to simplify understanding
quantifiable, qualifiable, descriptions, comparisons
types of evidence
speaker
The source of a text; the person or group who has created or is creating the text.
purpose
The reason for a text's existence; not the topic, but what the speaker hopes to ACCOMPLISH with it
audience
The person or people receiving a text.
context
Writers create texts within a particular context that includes the time, place, and occasion.
exigence
The part of the rhetorical situation that inspires, stimulates, provokes, or prompts writers to create a text. (usually an event)
Note 
Flashcard (66)