Plant classification and characteristics

How do bryophytes survive without vascular tissue?

absorbs water directly and stay near water sources.

Why do seedless vascular plants need a moist environment to reproduce?

Need water for their spores to travel and fertilize.

Gymnosperms use _____ to disperse pollen, Angiosperms use _________ to disperse pollen, and posses _____ that attract animals for dispersal of the _____ inside

wind, pollinators, fruits, seeds

What adaptations have allowed angiosperms to become the most diverse group of plants?

Angiosperms have flowers to attract pollinators and fruits to protect seeds and aid in dispersal.

Describe the process by which gymnosperms disperse their seeds.

seeds produced in cones that open and release seeds, usually dispersed by wind.

Explain how the evolution of vascular tissue was crucial for plant colonization on land.

allows for the transport water and nutrients, enabling taller growth and wider habitat colonization.

Why are ferns considered to be more advanced than bryophytes, yet less advanced than angiosperms?

posess vascular tissue and reproduce via spores. Angiosperms have flowers and seeds.

How do the structural features of conifers help them survive in cold climates?

possess needle-like leaves with a waxy cuticle and have conical shapes to shed snow.

What is the significance of fruits in the reproductive cycle of angiosperms?

protect seeds and attract animals for long-distance dispersal when eaten

bryophytes

Non-vascular land plants evolved from green algae. Need to be near a water source for reproduction; absorbs water directly into their cells. aka mosses

seedless vascular plants

Vascular plants that evolved specialized tissue to grow taller and be farther from water sources. Reproduce using spores instead of seeds. aka ferns

gymnosperms

The first type of vascular plants to have seeds, producing "naked seeds" inside a cone that open and release seeds when conditions are optimal. The seeds are usually dispersed by the wind and end up close to the original plant. aka conifers/evergreens.

angiosperms

produce flowers, attracting insects for pollination. After fertilization, the flowers develop into fruits that enclose the seeds.

monocot characteristics

one cotyledon, parallel veins in leaves, scattered vascular bundles in stems, flower petals in multiples of 3

dicots

two cotyledons, net-like veins in leaves, ring arranged vascular bundles in stems, flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5

angiosperm types

monocots and dicots

monocot cotyledon number

1

dicot cotyledon number

2

cotyledon

embryonic leaf; first leaves to appear from a germinating seed

monocot leaf venation

usually parallel

dicot leaf vein assortment

usually net-like; palmate or pinnate

monocot vascular bundles in stems

scattered

dicot vascular bundles in stems

arranged in a ring

monocot flower petal count

multiples of 3

dicot flower petal count

multiples of 4 or 5

monocot vascular bundles in roots

roots where vascular bundles are arranged in a ring formation

dicot vascular bundles in roots

roots where vascular bundles are arranged in a central cross or star formation