Neuroscience Exam #2

The thoracic component only exists in the _______ region.

lumbar region

What is the function of the Phrenic nerve?

to help with respiration and to fix any damage in the trunk region

The Phrenic nerve is associated with the

cervical plexus

Arm damage occurs if the _______ plexus is affected

brachial plexus

The ___________ ends at the elbow

Musculocutaneous

The lumbar/sacral plexus carries information to the

lower extremities

Dermatomes are

one area of skin innervated by one spinal nerve

_________ is a gateway to Zoster

Chicken Pox

Shingles occurs when

one dermatome is impacted

A Myotome is

one muscle being innervated by one spinal nerve

The C4 myotome controls the

Trapezius - Shoulder shrug

The C7 myotome controls which part and which movement?

Triceps - Elbow extension

The L5 myotome controls which part and which movement?

Quadriceps Femoris - Knee Extension

The S2 myotome controls which part and which movement?

Gastrocsoleus - Planarflexion

The _________ nerve connects sensory to motor

Integration nerve

What is A?

Anterior Communicating Artery

What is B?

Anterior Cerebral Artery

What is C?

Ophthalmic Artery

What is D?

Anterior Choroidal Artery

What is E?

Posterior Cerebral Artery

What is F?

Superior Cerebellar Artery

What is G?

Basilar Artery

What is H?

Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

What is I?

Vertebral Artery

What is J?

Anterior Spinal Artery

What is K?

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

What is L?

Pontine Arteries

What is M?

Posterior Communicating Artery

What is N?

Middle Cerebral Artery

What is O?

Internal Carotid Artery

What does a Agonist Neurotransmitter do?

binds to another chemical that has a similar effect as the neurotransmitter

What does an Antagonist Neurotransmitter do?

blocks the action of the neurotransmitter

What are the two neurotransmitters that are in the Peripheral Nervous System?

Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine 

What is the function of Acetylcholine?

To control muscle action

When Acetylcholine is in the PNS it is ___________.

Excitatory

When Acetylcholine is in the CNS it is ___________.

Inhibitory

Is the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric excitatory and inhibitory?

inhibitory

Is the neurotransmitter Dopamine excitatory and inhibitory?

It is excitatory and inhibitory

Is the neurotransmitter Serotonin excitatory and inhibitory?

Inhibitory

Is the neurotransmitter Norepinephrine excitatory and inhibitory?

Excitatory

Is the neurotransmitter Glutamate excitatory and inhibitory?

Excitatory

Down-Regulation refers to

A decrease in the number of receptors on the surface of target cells

Synaptic Fatigue refers to

temporary loss or reduction of synaptic activity due to intense stimulation

Synaptic Delay refers to

the time it takes for the pre-synaptic neuron current to be transmitted to the post-synaptic neuron

Post-Tetonic Potentiation refers to

an increase in neurotransmitter release after a high-frequency train of action potentials

Excitotoxicity refers to

the process where nerve cells are damaged and killed by glutamate and other substances

Addiction is dangerous because

substances kill receptors at the post synaptic terminal which causes a desire to always need more

The Anterior Cerebral Artery feeds the

medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes

The Middle Cerebral Artery feeds the

entire lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere

The Posterior Cerebral Artery feeds the

medial and inferior aspects of the temporal lobe and the whole occipital lobe

What kind of dysfunction can happen in the Anterior Cerebral Artery?

Can cause difficulties in cognitive and affective function 

What kind of dysfunction can happen in the Middle Cerebral Artery?

can cause negative affects to perceptual deficits and apraxia 

What kind of dysfunction can happen in the Posterior Cerebral Artery?

can cause memory loss and thalamic syndrome (unexplained pain)

What are the functions of the Blood Brain Barrier?

• to protect the CNS and not allow blood to enter the nervous system 

• the exchange of nutrients between the CNS and Vascular system

The Blood Brain Barrier is formed by

tight junctions between endothelial cells and gliall cells 

What are “Leaky Areas” in the Blood Brain Barrier?

areas in the blood brain barrier that help get medicine through

Where are the “Leaky Areas” located in the brain?

in the hypothalamus and pituitary/pineal glands

The blood-brain barrier blocks ___% of therapeutic drugs from accessing the brain. 

98%

What can L-Dopa do in the brain?

it can cross the blood-brain barrier and convert into dopamine which helps with Parkinsons disease

What diseases are affected by the blood-brain barrier?

• Meningtis

• Rabies

• Tumors

• Alzheimers

• MS

What is CVA? (Strokes)

a group of clinical syndromes that form following ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions

What is a Transient ischemic Attack (TIA)?

a smaller stroke that does not have very significant symptoms

What is a Cerebral Hemorrhage?

when a blood vessel has broken open in the body and produces significant effects

What is a Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation?

A malfunction that can go unnoticed, but has significant effects and can cause a stroke

What are the symptoms of a stroke that occur in the Left Hemisphere?

• Brocas area is affected and causes trouble speaking

• Movement is affected on right side of body

• Visual processing in right field is affected

• Processing of verbal information is affected

What are the symptoms of a stroke that occur in the Right Hemisphere?

• Movement on the left side of body is affected

• Nonverbal memory is affected

• Visual processing on the left field is affected

• Affects processing of nonverbal auditory information 

What is a Traumatic Brain Injury? (TBI)

Damage that results from penetration of the skull and blunt external forces to the brain

What are the symptoms of a TBI?

• Loss of Consciousness

• Coma

• Rigidity 

• Change in vitals 

• Fixed pupils 

What are some types of TBI?

• Penetrating brain injuries 

• Skull fractures

• Closed Head Injuries

What is a Spinal Cord injury?

When the vertebrae is fractured or dislocated

What does a Traumatic Spinal Cord injury consist of?

• Compression

• Shearing Force

• Contusion

What does a Non-Traumatic Spinal Cord injury consist of?

• Tumor pressing on the cord

• Progressive neurodegenerative disease

• Stroke in the spinal cord

What is Paraplegia?

type of paralysis that affects all portions of the victims torso

What is Quadripledia?

type of paralysis that affects all parts of the body

What are the symptoms of a Spinal Cord Injury?

•  Automatic Dysreflexia

• Decreased Respiratory function

• Loss of Temperature controls 

• Sexual dysfunction

• Loss of bowel/bladder control 

• Changes in muscle tone

What are the different types of Cerebral Palsey?

• Spastic

• Dyskinetic

• Ataxic

Spastic CP has a lesion at the ______ cortex

motor cortex

What are the symptoms of Spastic CP?

• Increased muscle tone

• Increased intensity of reflex responses

Dyskinetic CP has a lesion at the

basal ganglia

Dyskinetic CP involves fluctuations in

muscle tone

Ataxic CP has a lesion at the

cerebellum

What are the symptoms of Ataxic CP?

• Hypotonia 

• Ataxic movement patterns

The function of the neuron is to

send, receive, and store electrical/chemical information

The most common type of neuron is the

Multipolar Neuron

What can help to increase action potential speed?

More myelin and bigger diameter of axon

Depolarization is a change that

causes the cell to become less negative and more excitable 

Repolarization is a moment

after depolarization and before hyper-polarization

Hyper-polarization is a change that

causes the cell to become more negative and more inhibitory

In order to achieve an action potential, the cell must reach ____ mV

- 55 MV

____ is resting membrane potential

- 70 MV

Spatial summation is when

multiple presynaptic neurons create enough energy to make an action potential 

Temporal summation is when

one presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter many times that eventually creates enough energy to make an action potential 

What are the 5 important spinal cord tracts?

• Lateral Corticospinal

• Dorsal Columns

• Lateral Spinothalamic

• Spinocerebellar Tracts

• Vestibulospinal

A reflex arc is triggered by

a stimulus in the enviornment

The Lateral Corticospinal tract is (ascending/descending)

descending

The Dorsal Columns tract is (ascending/descending)

ascending

The Lateral Spinothalamic tract is (ascending/descending)

ascending

The Spinocerebellar Tracts is (ascending/descending)

ascending

The Vestibulospinal tract is (ascending/descending)

descending

What are the five steps in the reflex arc?

• Receptor 

• Sensory Neuron

• Integration

• Motor Neuron

• Effector