CA 2_Funda (PART 1)

Asepsis

also known as infection and prevention control; absence of infection

Incubation period

Prodromal period

Illness period

Decline

Convalescence

What are the stages of infection?

Incubation period

• Time interval between the initial infection and the 1st appearance of any s/sx

• Patient is not yet aware of the disease

Prodromal period

Early, mild appearance of symptoms of the disease

Illness period

• Time of greatest symptomatic experience (pt. is sick)

• Overt s/sx of disease

• WBC may increase or decrease can result to death if immune response or medical intervention fails

Period of Decline

• S/sx subside

• Pathogen replication is brought under control vulnerable to secondary infection during which the number of pathogens particles begins to decease, and the signs and symptoms of illness begin to decline.

Period of Convalescence

• Replication of pathogenic organisms is stopped regains strength and the body returns to its pre-diseased state

• Recovery has occurred

Non-specific

Specific

What are the 2 body defenses?

Non-specific

• Anatomical and Barrier

• This includes the skin and lymph as the body defenses

Skin

first line of defense

Lymph

second line of defense (immunocompromised if >1month ang lusay)

Rubor

Calor

Dolor

Tumor

Functio laesa

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Rubor

This means redness

Calor

This means heat

Tumor

This means swelling

Dolor

This means pain

Functio laesa

This means loss of function

Natural

Artificial

2 Types of Immunity

Natural active

An immunity that can be acquired through exposure or diseases; had the disease & recovered

Natural passive

An immunity acquired through maternal antibodies; acquired through placental transfer

Artificial active

An immunity acquired through introduction of antigen

• Ex. Vaccines; toxoids

• (No exposure yet; preventive measure) - gives long immunity

Artificial passive

An immunity acquired through introduction of antibodies

• Ex. Antitoxins; immunoglobulin(gammaglobulin), antiserum, convalescent serum

• Ex. TAT (tetanus antitoxin) w/ exposure to the causative agent - gives short immunity – 3-4 week

Specific

Under this body defense, it include Antibody-mediated immunity and Cell-mediated immunity

Cytotoxic T cells

killer cells

Suppressor T cells

Cells that control

Helper T cells

Cells that are booster

AIDS

A disease where it increases the viral load, and decrease the T cells resulting to chronic infection

Direct sexual practices

Blood-to-blood

Mother-to-child

AIDS can be transmitted thru?

ELISA test

tests a patient's blood sample for antibodies

Western Blot

Confirmatory test for HIV

50-55% cases/day

Percentage of cases/day of HIV?

Male - 96%

Female - 2%

Based on the gender, what is the percentage affected by HIV between male and female?

Both 90%

Based on the age, what is the percentage affected by HIV between 15-24 year olds and 24-33 years olds?

NCR - top 1

Region X - top 11

BARMM - last place

Based on the regions here in the PH, what is the rank of NCR, Region X, and BARMM?

15 to 20 seconds

Medical handwashing is performed for how many seconds?

• Until wrist only

180 seconds

Surgical handwashing is performed for how many seconds?

• Until elbow

1) Open

2) Wet

3) Soap

4) Palm over dorsum

5) Palm to palm interlaced

6) Palm to back of fingers interlaced

7) Thumb rotation

8) Palm to fingertips - rub

9) Rinse and dry

10) Close

List the steps of handwashing

1) Gown

2) Cap

3) Mask

4) Goggles

5) Gloves

List the steps of Donning PPE

1) Gloves

2) Goggles

3) Gown

4) Mask (outside)

5) Cap

List the steps of Doffing PPE

Yes

If patient with the same disease condition, is it okay to contain them in the same room?

Negative pressure room

N95 mask

If airborne precautions, what room should you contain the patient? And what mask should be worn?

Within 3 feet

Surgical mask

If droplet precautions, how far should you be b/w the px? And what mask should be worn?

Wear PPE + handwashing

If contact precautions, what should be worn and what should one do to minimize or prevent the spread of germs?

Antiseptics

prevents growth of microorganism (betadine, hydrogen peroxide)

Disinfectant

kill or destroy microorganism (chlorine, alcohol)

15 minutes

When sterilizing, boiling should take how many minutes to destroy the microorganisms?

Ethylene oxide (EtO)

is a colorless, flammable gas with a sweet odor

Sharps

Infectious

Pathological

Anatomical

According to 2020 - 4th Edition (HCWA DOH), what should be thrown in the YELLOW bin?

S - I - P - A

Non-biodegradable

Non-hazardous

According to 2020 - 4th Edition (HCWA DOH), what should be thrown in the BLACK bin?

Biodegradable

Non-hazardous

According to 2020 - 4th Edition (HCWA DOH), what should be thrown in the GREEN bin?

Radioactive

According to 2020 - 4th Edition (HCWA DOH), what should be thrown in the ORANGE bin?

Chemicals

Pharmaceuticals

According to 2020 - 4th Edition (HCWA DOH), what should be thrown in the BROWN?

Non-infectious

According to WHO 3 Bin System, what should be thrown in the BLACK?

Infectious

Sharps

According to WHO 3 Bin System, what should be thrown in the YELLOW?

Psychological preparation

establish trust and rapport

Interview

Observe

Examine techniques

What are the methods for physical examination?

Inspection

Use sight and smell

Touch

Use light and deep palpation

Deep palpation

used during assessment of internal organs

Percussion

striking, tapping

Direct percussion

percuss to the site

Indirect percussion

percuss using the plexor or pleximeter

flat

what is heard when percussing the bone?

dull

what is heard when percussing the organs (liver, spleen, kidneys)?

tympanic

what is heard when percussing the abdomen?

resonance

what is heard when percussing the lungs?

Stethoscope

if using the stethoscope to auscultate sounds, what is used to auscultate indirect sounds?

Bell

to auscultate for low pitch sounds, what part of the stethoscope is used?

Heart sounds (FHR)

Blood Vessel sounds (BP)

Bell is used to auscultate what sounds?

Diaphragm

to auscultate for high pitch sounds, what part of the stethoscope is used?

Heart sounds (FHR)

Lungs sounds

Bowel movement sounds

Diaphragm is used to auscultate what sounds?

Oral, Temporal, Rectal, Axillary

Sites to get temperature?

T - A - R - O

Intermittent

Remittent

Relapsing

Constant

What are the types of fever?

Intermittent

rises and falls, returning to normal levels during the day.

Remittent

fluctuates, but it never returns to normal levels

Relapsing

fever that spikes after periods of normal body temperature

Constant

remains consistently elevated with little to no fluctuation throughout the day.

Brachial

Radial

Carotid

Temporal

Femoral

Popliteal

Posterior Tibialis

Dorsalis pedis

Apical

What are the sites to get pulse rate?

BRCTF - PPDA

Radial

Site to get PR for adult

Apical

Site to get PR for child

doppler ultrasound stethoscope

If you cannot detect pulses in pedal use ____ ____ ____

2 fingers

In getting BP, cuff used should not be to tight or loose and it should be measurable by ____?

Sitting (heart level)

BP: best; done during admission

Prone position; flexed knee

What is the position of lower extrremities when getting BP at the popliteal site?

Supine position—slight knee flexion

If one can’t tolerate prone position in getting BP, what position is advised?

False High BP

If the BP cuff is too tight, what is the result?

False Low BP

If the BP cuff is too loose, what is the result?

Standing, Sitting, Lying position

Upon admission, get the BP of the patient in three positions, what are these?

5 minutes rest

If the patient just walked, how many minutes will you let the patient rest before taking their blood pressure?

1 to 2 minutes rest

If you're not sure about the blood pressure reading you got, or you didn’t hear the sound, how many minutes will you let the patient rest before taking the blood pressure again?

15 to 30 minutes

If the patient just smoked a cigarette, how many minutes will you let the patient rest before taking their blood pressure?

rise and fall of chest

How to get the RR of the adult px?

rise and fall of abdomen

How to get the RR of the infant px?

< 18

underweight

18.5 - 24.9

normal weight

25 to 29.9

overweight

30 - 34.9

type I obese

35 - 39.9

type II obese

> 40

Type III Obese/extremely obese/morbid

1 meter = 3.3 feet

multiply m to 3.3 ft

how to convert meter to feet?