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directional selection
for a extreme trait against other extreme
stabilizing selection
for moderate traits against both extremes
distributive selection
for both extreme traits against moderate traits
mutation
change in genetic material (DNA)
what causes mutations?
by chance or enviormental factors
useful mutations
maintained in the population
migration/gene flow
the movement of individuals in/out of population
allopatric speciation
a barrier causes two new groups to form
Adaptive Radiation
over relatively fast time, species may split into separate species from one original ancestor
Extinction
when all members of a species die off or fail to reproduce
Gradualism
species slowly & steadily change through a series of small changes
Punctuated Equilibrium
long periods of stability in a species are “punctuated” by periods of rapid evolution