Stats Ch. 4

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17 Terms

1
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design of a statistical study shows bias when…

consistently underestimate or overestimate value you wish to know

2
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strata

group of similar individuals

3
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stratified random sample

classify pop into strata —> separate SRS in each sample —> form sample

4
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cluster

groups of people located near each other

5
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cluster random sample

classify into clusters —> SRS of clusters

6
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response bias

systematic patterns of incorrect responses

7
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confounding

two variables are associated in a way that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished

8
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a treatment is a combination of specific values of variables when

an experiment has several explanatory variables

9
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comparison

compare two or more treatments

10
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replication

use enough experimental units in each group so any differences in effects of treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between groups

11
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control group (hint: 3 effects)

placebo effect, minimize variability, try to eliminate confounding effects

12
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replication 3 effects

Effect of chance variation will average out, attempt to reduce variation but not completely eliminate, most important principle of experimental design

13
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randomization incorporates chance so that

experiment is unaffected by external factors

14
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block

group of experimental subjects known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect responses of treatments

15
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randomized block design

 random assignment of experimental units to treatments is carried out separately within each block

16
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matched pairs design

randomized block design in which each block consists of a matching pair of similar experimental units. Each group gets both treatments.

17
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statistically significant

An observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance