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design of a statistical study shows bias when…
consistently underestimate or overestimate value you wish to know
strata
group of similar individuals
stratified random sample
classify pop into strata —> separate SRS in each sample —> form sample
cluster
groups of people located near each other
cluster random sample
classify into clusters —> SRS of clusters
response bias
systematic patterns of incorrect responses
confounding
two variables are associated in a way that their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished
a treatment is a combination of specific values of variables when
an experiment has several explanatory variables
comparison
compare two or more treatments
replication
use enough experimental units in each group so any differences in effects of treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between groups
control group (hint: 3 effects)
placebo effect, minimize variability, try to eliminate confounding effects
replication 3 effects
Effect of chance variation will average out, attempt to reduce variation but not completely eliminate, most important principle of experimental design
randomization incorporates chance so that
experiment is unaffected by external factors
block
group of experimental subjects known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect responses of treatments
randomized block design
random assignment of experimental units to treatments is carried out separately within each block
matched pairs design
randomized block design in which each block consists of a matching pair of similar experimental units. Each group gets both treatments.
statistically significant
An observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance