internet and self-esteem

Tiemensma and Rus (2015)

Using FB following acute stress slows down recovery

Nabi and Prestin (2013)

Positive relationship between number of FB friends and perceived social support, leads to reduced stress

Ekisu et al (2016)

FB may play a significant role in young people’s psychosocial and personality development

• esp when considering the frequency of use and importance of these years for identity formation

Chou and Edge (2012)

The belief that ‘other people have happier lives’ mediates the relationship between social media use and life satisfaction

Wilson et al (2012)

The effects of social media differ based on whether individuals are active or passive users

• active use of FB decreases loneliness

  • passive use increases loneliness

Grieve et al (2013)

FB use was associated with lower depression and anxiety, and higher life satisfaction

Andreassen et al (2017)

social media use is geerally associated with lower self-esteem

Forest and Wood (2012)

Individuals with lower self-esteem regard social media as a safer place to express themselves

• could potentially provide greater control over self-presentation

Lee et al (2012)

Individuals with low self-esteem have more online friends compared to those with high self-esteem

Blachnio et al (2016)

Low self-esteem and low life satisfaction leads to increased FB use

Wilcox and Stephen (2013)

SNS use may briefly boost self esteem, however reduces self-control

• Reduction in self-control can have negative implications for wellbeing such as increased PIU

DeCock et al (2014)

Some individuals may use SNS to boost self-esteem

• Through finding new friends, increasing sense of belonging, obtain ‘likes and positive comments - seeking external validation

Durkee et al (2012)

In 2012, 4.4% of European adolescents displayed PIU

Floros et al (2014)

PIU is associated with psychoticism, sensation seeking and neuroticism

Sideli et al (2017)

• PIU was negatively correlated with age - younger ppts were more prone to PIU

• PIU was correlated with higher levels of impulsivity, aggression, sensation seeking, sociability and perceived lack of personal competence

• PIU was associated with low self-esteem

• PIU was predicted by sociability - individuals with high and low sociability may be more prone to PIU than the average sociable person

Kuss et al (2014)

• Young people score higher on SNS addiction than older ppl

• Single ppl are more prone to SNS addiction than those with partners

Andreassen et al (2017)

SNS addiction was negatively correlated with self-esteem and positively correlated with narcissism

• Being young, single, female, low education and income were significant predictors of SNS addiction

Nguyen et al (2025)

Gen Z ppts in Vietnam

• SNS addiction had a negative impact on self-esteem and life satisfaction

• SNS addiction was associated with higher levels of narcissism but not for any other aspects of personality

• Normal SNS use did not directly affect life satisfaction