AS 141 Economic History of the Philippines

Obras Pias

• A donation or funding from church that a priest get for pice (???) work.

• Religious orders used this in participating in commercial activities like Galleon Trading.

• Friars banking service

• became the first bank in the PH —> BPI

in the Galleon Trade the Philippines was the only…. in the trade between China & Mexico

Transshipment port

Number of galleon ships a year

two galleons

the end of Galleon trade

1815

The only allowed city as a port entry

Acapulco

3 distinct economic systems led from the results of the Lethargic Economic Policies

Western/Spanish

Native

Chinese

A group of traders that became the intermediaries between Western and Native economies, and their activities accelerated the dissolution of the pre-conquest social patterns of the Fil.

Chinese

Friars techniques for the natives to resettle to the fueblos

• gifts

• free housing

• colorful church rites e.g. fiestas

• conferring high-sounding titles and honors to the chiefs

In charge of collectring tribute from private encomiendas and forwarding it to the encomendero 

cabeza de barangay

the village overseers for forced labor and peace keeping

maestre de campo

• A class which result from the authority & political privileges granted by spaniards

• Former barangay leaders and their families who were conferred new titles and authority in the colonial administration

Principalia Class

Three-tiered hierarchy in rural area society

• spanish priest

• principalia

• the masses

5 level hierarchy in Manila and suburbs areas

• Spaniards

• Chinese mestizos

• Native principales

• Chinese

• the masses

In charge of collecting tribute from royal encomiendas

Alcalde mayor

Petty/Little Governors”

In charge of collecting tribute from royal encomiendas

Gobernadorcillos

• A form of economic nationalism that aimed to increase the prosperity of a nation through restrictive trade policies.

•  it wanted to increase the supply of a nation’s gold and silver with exports rather than deplete it through imports

mercantilism

• Prohibited lay Spaniards from residing with/marrying natives

• It may have also led to lay Spaniards owning lands in the colony

• Also “implied” that natives should be able to participate in trade free from all hindrances

Recopilación

• Forced payment to colonizers (soldiers, clergy, and administrators)

• Was also used to finance Spain’s expeditions against the Dutch and Portuguese

Tibute or Tibuto

• An agreement between the conquistadores and the crown:

• Conquistadores would surrender the conquered lands to the crown in exchange for ennoblement, riches, and royal grants

Capitulación

• A community in the process of being prepared for civil government

• Relocation of the natives from their traditional barangays to new and larger colonial towns

• Imposition of the Poblacion-Barrio-Sitio system

Reduccion

• A community undergoing lessons about the doctrine of the new faith

• Preparation for Catholic/Christian baptism

Doctrina

A community of natives fully integrated into the colonial system

Pueblo-Parish

• An administrative unit 

• Established for the purpose of collecting tributes from the natives, as well as their produce and labor services

Encomienda

pueblos nearest to Manila + populous pueblos in stable provinces; tribute collections were high and easy to exac

Crown Encomienda

A non-Crown encomiendas

Private Encomienda

• Managers of an encomienda

• Awardees granted by the Crown to manage an encomienda

• Who should have responsibility of

1. Protecting the natives by maintaining peace and order

2. Supporting the missionaries in conversion works (this incl. Education)

3. Helping in the defense of the colony

Encomendero

A system in which natives were drafted for compulsory labor services

Polo y Servicios

• rendered by men (aka polistas)

• heavier work and more taxing labor

•  forced the natives to build galleon ships for the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (cortes de madera)

“Polo”

• usually rendered by women

• domestic services in the households of encomenderos, in churches, and convents

“Servicios”

Sales from the produce of a common strip of land + 1 real per family for each year; was used by the clergy to build stone churches

“Caja de comunidad” or “Pueblo Community Fund”

• refer to the imposition of quotas on the number of goods the natives had to produce

• where these goods would be then sold to the encomendero (compras) and later on the government (bandala) at an unreasonably cheap price 

Compras/Bandala System

• a system in which each province in the colony had to meet a quota for them to “sell” to the government

  • The government would find ways to basically acquire these goods for free or for a much, much low price (Constantino: “confiscation;” use of unredeemed promissory notes)

  • When people fail to meet the quota, they had to buy or loan produce from other sources just to satisfy the government

Bandala System

• Also known as the “Royal Decree of February 13, 1894” 

• Gave landholders only 1 year to secure a legal title to their lands

• After the deadline, untitled lands were deemed forfeited

• Allowed land-grabbing since many small landowners in the provinces were not made aware of this

Maura Law

Unoccupied or uninhabited lands were surrendered to the authority and enjoyment of the Crown

Crown Lands/ Realengas/ Real Hacienda or King’s Estate

• “King’s allowance” or subsidy from Mexico to the colonies in the Indies

• to support the regime in the colony

Real Situado

The sharecroppers’ rent to the hacienda which is deducted from their shares of the harvest

Canon

• Each residential unit (e.g., families) has a strip of field (along or around it) and there was a communal tract

  • The communal tract was a piece of land to be tilled and resources extracted from this tract were for the pueblo or community

  • Families were all reduced to a single occupational class, that is, farmers cultivating equal-sized fields

Pueblo Lands

• Different from “hacienda agriculture” it is a subsistence agriculture of and for the natives

• Native farmers were assigned parcels of land to be tolled with the help of carabaos and harrow

• There was no landlord-to-tenant relationship since it was a subsistence agriculture; however, the land did not belong to the natives

Pueblo Agriculture

• Small-scale planting by tenant farmers

• Tenant families paid rent while hacienderos/hacenderos had shares in harvests

Hacienda

Feudal basis of power

Land

• A generic term that describes a “renter” of the land by which forms a part of a large estate; they were exempted from tribute paying

• workers/renters/sharecroppers in haciendas

• Typically, these were natives and mestizos (notably Chinese mestizos)

• virtually became a middleman

• in 19th cent., due to their acquisition of enough capital, they rose in socioeconomic status and later became ilustrados

Inquilino

Landless farmers who were “paid” for their labor

Kasama

Season wag laborers

Sacadas

• Virtually the same to inquilinos in terms of functions

• They acted as sub-managers responsible for hacienda cultivation

Acsas

Planters who collected the produce of small growers (at farm gate price) for delivery to trading houses

Personeros

• Collected the produce of small growers and putting it on their own accounts

• Typically non-growers like the Chinese

Compradores

A place in rural areas where farmers sell their produce

Compradas

the added value fees or taxes on shipments of foreign goods

Almoharifazgo

• The Spaniards’ attempt to form an economic company that would rival the British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company (VOS)

• Would utilize funds to finance and implement the exportation-oriented policies and projects

Real Compañia de Filipinas (Royal Company of the Philippines)

Was established to generate economic ideas and practical development projects

Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais (Economic Society of Friends of the Country)

• Pawning while using land as a collateral (security for the repayment of a loan) by the borrower with the proviso that the borrower could purchase it one again

• Lenders and creditors would give an undervalued initial assessment — giving only small credit to the borrower

Sanlangbili (“Compras y vento con pacto retrovendendi”; “Pacto de Retroventa”)

Ascertained the actual conditions of the natives’ lives and how laws were enforced

Visitación

Chinese goods that were traded to the Spaniards and natives

Champans or “Chinese Junks”

Fees paid by officials (such as alcaldes) in order to participate in economic venture

Indulto para comercio or indulto de comercio

Essentially describes the unity of the church and state

Patronato Real

By which the Pope granted the King of Spain the responsibility of converting the subjugated Indios to Catholicism

Omnimodo

It allowed secular priests (non-order affiliated) to hold parishes

Exponi nobis

• “New Economic Order” – a political, civic, and moral revolution that would usher in econom progress

• While it aimed to develop agriculture, manufacturing industry, trade, and commerce, it lacked specific guidelines, had no experts to employ, and no facilities put in place

“General Economic Plan”

Pioneered General Economic Plan

Basco Y Vargas

A native could till the land but could not sell nor own it

Usufructuary right

Spanish Gentlemen

Hidalgo

Exemption from tribute

Personas exentas

Elite Spanish traders in Manila

Real Consulado

Cutting trees to make ship

Compras de Madera

Trading permit in Galleon Trade

Boletas

Highest rank in the PH colony

Governor General

Excessive interest in loans

Usury

Process of settling land dispute

Composicion de Tierras

Business permit of Alcalde

Indulto para comercio

Manage finances

Reales Oficiales

Replaced sedula system

Sedula personal

Claiming of land by simply planting on it

Denuncia

Declaration of PH as Spain's province

Cadiz Institution

“Joint stock company”company as a legal person

Sociocedad Anonima

Acted as agents for small farmers

Personeros

Middlemen; bought produce and sold as their own

Compradores