-Art-Appreciation-Finals-Reviewer

Line

Line

Refers to a point moving at an identifiable path (length, width, and dimension). It can define the perimeters of artwork and become a substantial component of the composition.

Horizontal and Vertical Lines

Refers to the orientation of the line. Horizontal lines are associated with rest/calm, while vertical lines connote elevation or height.

Diagonal and Crooked Lines

Diagonal lines convey movement and instability, while crooked/jagged lines are reminiscent of violence, conflict, or struggle.

Curved Lines

Lines that bend or coil, alluding to softness, grace, flexibility, and sensuality.

Shape and Form

Shape refers to the two dimensions (height and width), while form refers to the three dimensions (height, width, and depth).

Geometric Shapes

Shapes that find origin in mathematical propositions, including squares, triangles, cubes, circles, spheres, cones, and more.

Organic Shapes

Shapes that occur naturally, irregular and asymmetrical in nature.

Space

Inferred from a sense of depth, whether real or simulated. Real space is three-dimensional, while two-dimensional artworks can create the illusion of space through different techniques.

Positive and Negative Space

Positive space is where the subject or object is located, while negative space refers to the empty or white space surrounding the subject or object.

Three-dimensional Space

Can be simulated through techniques such as shading, creating the illusion of depth in a two-dimensional artwork.

Color

Enhances the appeal of an artwork and is the property of light reflected off the color.

Hue

Dimension of color that gives it its name, including primary colors (red, yellow, blue), secondary colors (green, orange, violet), and tertiary colors (achieved by mixing primary and secondary colors).

Value

Refers to the brightness or darkness of color, used to create depth, establish mood, or communicate a feeling.

Intensity

Refers to the brightness or dullness of color, identified as the strength of color (vivid or muted).

Texture

Experienced through the sense of touch and sight, it renders the art object tactile.

Picture Plane

The actual surface of the painting/drawing where no illusion of a third dimension exists.

Chiaroscuro

Developed during the Renaissance, it made use of light and dark contrasts and tones to create a three-dimensional and dramatic effect in paintings.

Linear Perspective

Changed the way pictorial representation was done, based on observations such as forms and objects becoming smaller as they recede and parallel lines seeming to converge at a vanishing point.

One-Point Perspective

Used in depicting roads, tracks, hallways, or rows of trees, with parallel lines converging at a specific vanishing point along the horizon line.

Two-Point Perspective

Uses two vanishing points placed anywhere along the horizon line, often used in depicting structures such as houses and buildings in the landscape.

Three-Point Perspective

The viewer is looking at a scene from an extreme angle, with three vanishing points used to create the illusion of depth.

Vanishing points

Points in a perspective drawing where parallel lines appear to converge.

Rhythm

Element of music associated with beat, meter, and tempo.

Dynamics

Refers to the loudness or quietness of music.

Melody

Linear presentation of pitch in music.

Harmony

Vertical combination of pitches to form chords in music.

Timbre

Quality that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another in music.

Texture

Number of melodies, type of layers, and their relatedness in a composition.

Balance

Distribution of visual elements in relation to each other.

Scale

Size of a figure or object in relation to the normal.

Proportion

Size of components or objects in relation to one another.

Emphasis

Drawing attention to focal points in an artwork.

Contrast

Disparity between elements in a composition.

Unity

Sense of accord or completeness in a composition.

Variety

Principle that allows for areas of interest and rest in a composition.

Movement

Direction of the viewing eye as it goes through an artwork.

Repetition

Recurring appearance of lines, shapes, colors, etc. in an artwork.

Pattern

Image created through repetition in an artwork.

Combined or Hybrid Art

Artworks that combine two or more art forms and styles.

Paleolithic Art

Art produced during the Stone Age as a result of climate change.

Paleolithic Period

The prehistoric period characterized by the development of early human societies and the creation of cave art.

Hall of Bulls

A cave in Lascaux, France, known for its Paleolithic art depicting bulls and other animals.

Venus of Willendorf

A small Paleolithic sculpture of a woman, known for its exaggerated features associated with fertility.

Neolithic Art

Artistic developments that occurred during the Neolithic period, characterized by the construction of monumental structures and architectural advancements.

Stonehenge

A famous Neolithic monument located in Southern England, consisting of large standing stones arranged in a circular pattern.

Egyptian Art

Artistic traditions and styles that emerged in ancient Egypt, characterized by a focus on religion, symbolism, and the afterlife.

Old Kingdom

The earliest period of ancient Egyptian civilization, known for its pyramid construction and belief in the afterlife.

Middle Kingdom

A period in ancient Egyptian history characterized by a shift in political power and the emergence of powerful landlords.

New Kingdom

The period in ancient Egyptian history marked by the rise of powerful pharaohs and the expansion of the empire.

Bust of Queen Nefertiti

A famous sculpture from the New Kingdom period, known for its depiction of Queen Nefertiti with a long neck and naturalistic features.

Tomb of Tutankhamen

The burial site of the young pharaoh Tutankhamen, discovered in 1922 and filled with gold artworks and treasures.

Greek Art

Artistic traditions and styles that emerged in ancient Greece, known for its emphasis on reason, human figures, and the development of various art forms.

Geometric Period

A period in Greek art characterized by the use of geometric shapes and patterns.

Archaic Period

A period in Greek art marked by the influence of trade with other civilizations and the focus on human figures.

Classical Period

The peak period of Greek art, known for its emphasis on sculpture, architecture, and the rebuilding of temples.

Hellenistic Period

The period of Greek art influenced by Alexander the Great, characterized by the depiction of emotions and dynamic poses.

Ancient Rome

The civilization that emerged in Rome, heavily influenced by Greek culture and known for its architectural achievements and fusion of artistic styles.

Colosseum

An amphitheater in Rome, built during the Roman Empire, used for public events and gladiator games.

Middle Ages

The period between the decline of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance, characterized by the dominance of the Church and a focus on Christian art.

Renaissance Art

Artistic developments during the Renaissance period, characterized by a focus on the individual, naturalism, and the revival of Roman theoretical plays.

Mannerism

An artistic style that emerged after the Renaissance, characterized by distorted figures, discordant colors, and lack of defined focal points.

Baroque and Rococo

Artistic styles that emerged after the Renaissance, known for their ornate and extravagant designs.

Baroque period

A period in art history (1600 - 1750) characterized by extravagant and ornate style, often associated with Italy.

Neoclassicism

An art movement in the late 18th and 19th centuries that aimed to revive and incorporate Greek and Roman influences in art and architecture.

Romanticism

An art movement that emphasized heroic elements and focused on patriotic and nationalistic themes, particularly during the Age of Revolutions.

Realism

A style of art that focuses on depicting reality accurately, with an emphasis on observable details and little room for imagination.

Impressionism

An art movement that emerged in the mid to late 1800s, characterized by the use of distinct brush strokes and the incorporation of scientific principles to represent color and light.

Post-Impressionism

An art movement that emerged as a response to Impressionism, characterized by individual styles that emphasized broken colors and short brush strokes.

Neo-Impressionism

A response to Impressionism, this art movement relied on a systematic and scientific approach to create predetermined visual effects.

Art Nouveau

An ornamental style of art that emerged between 1890 and 1910, characterized by long and organic lines, particularly in architecture, jewelry, and glass designs.

Fauvism

A style of painting that emerged in the 20th century, characterized by the use of pure and vibrant colors applied directly from the paint tubes to the canvas.

Cubism

An art movement introduced by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, characterized by the emphasis on the two-dimensional surface of the picture plane and the rejection of traditional techniques like perspective.

Futurism

An early 20th century art movement in Italy that celebrated the speed, energy, and dynamism of machines, with themes of restlessness and the fast-pace of modern life.

Modern Art

A period in art history (1860s to late 1970s) characterized by artists breaking away from past conventions and traditions, celebrating freedom in art-making and new ways of seeing and thinking about art.

Contemporary Art

Art created in the present time, heavily driven by ideas and theories, and often incorporating various mediums such as television, photography, cinema, digital technology, and performance.

Abstract Expressionism

An art movement in the early 1940s to mid-1960s characterized by abstract art with gestural techniques, mark-making, and rugged spontaneity in visual articulation.

Optical Art or Op Art

An art movement that emerged in the early 1960s, relying on creating illusions through color, pattern, and perspective tricks on a two-dimensional surface.

Victor Vasarely

Hungarian artist known for his optical art, characterized by geometric shapes and patterns.

Bridget Riley

British artist associated with op art, known for her use of optical illusions and geometric patterns.

Richard Anuszkiewicz

American artist known for his vibrant and geometric abstract paintings.

Yaacov Agam

Israeli artist known for his kinetic art, which incorporates movement and viewer interaction.

Kinetic Art

Art movement that emerged in the early 1950s, characterized by sculptures and installations that incorporate movement, often driven by motors or natural forces like wind.

Gutai

Japanese art movement that emerged in the 1950s, focused on the exploration of materiality and the relationship between body, movement, and creation. Founded by Yoshihara Jiro.

Minimalism

Art movement that emerged in the early 1960s, characterized by simplicity, geometric shapes, and a focus on the materiality of the artwork. Key figures include Agnes Martin, Robert Morris, and Donald Judd.

Pop Art

Art movement that emerged in the 1950s and gained popularity in the 1960s, characterized by the use of popular culture imagery and themes. Key artists include Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and Claes Oldenburg.

Postmodernism

Art movement that emerged in the 1970s and lasted until the 1990s, characterized by skepticism towards grand narratives and a focus on individual experience. It encompassed various smaller movements such as Conceptual Art and Feminist Art.

Neo-Pop Art

Art movement that emerged in the 1980s, characterized by a renewed interest in pop art and the use of ready-made materials. It referenced and critiqued popular culture icons. Artists involved include Jeff Koons and Keith Haring.

Photorealism

Art movement characterized by highly detailed and realistic depictions, often resembling photographs. Key artists include Chuck Close and Gerhard Richter.

Conceptualism

Art movement that celebrated commodities as references to real life and challenged the idea of art as a commodity. It raised issues about art institutions and the circulation of artworks. Key artists include Jenny Holzer and Damien Hirst.

Performance Art

Art form that involves live or recorded performances, often durational and ephemeral in nature. Well-known artists include Marina Abramovic and Yoko Ono.

Installation Art

Art form that transforms or alters the environment in which the viewer interacts with. It often involves large-scale installations and incorporates various objects and conditions. Artists known for this include Yayoi Kusama and Dale Chihuly.

Earth Art

Art movement that involves transforming the natural environment or specific sites through human intervention. It focuses on landscape manipulation and materials used. Artists known for this include Robert Smithson and Andy Goldsworthy.

Street Art

Art form related to graffiti art, characterized by artworks created outside of traditional formats and informed by illustrative and print techniques. Examples include murals, stenciled images, and installations. Popular creators include Jean-Michel Basquiat and Shepard Fairey.

Style

Refers to the distinctive handling of elements and media associated with the work of an individual artist, school, movement, or a specific culture or time period.

Artworks

A form as to what the audience sees – a finished product put harmoniously (or not) according to different principles of design.

Form

The totality of the artwork including textures, colors, and shapes utilized by the artist. The content of artwork includes not only the form but also its subject matter and underlying meanings or themes.

Improvisation

Defined as doing something without prior preparation. There is a decision to act upon something that may not necessarily be planned and has become an integral part of the arts.

Appropriation

The practice of using another artist's work as a reference or inspiration. Traditionally, forgery can be classified as outright copies of existing works or pastiches.

Chinese Art

Art produced in China, known for its abundance of metal works and the use of jade as a popular material for artworks.

Confucianism

A dominant way of life subscribed by the general public in China, emphasizing the importance of sympathy and reflected in artworks depicting everyday life.