Biology Laboratory Techniques Exam Review

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the Biology Laboratory Techniques exam focusing on cells, genetics, immune responses, and health safety.

What is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of size?

Prokaryotic cells are typically 1-10 micrometers in size, whereas eukaryotic cells are much larger.

What is the function of cuboidal epithelia in the body?

Cuboidal epithelia are involved in absorption and secretion.

How is DNA packaged within the cell?

DNA is organized by special proteins called histones, and winds around them like thread around a spool.

What are the four stages of mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

When in the cell cycle is DNA copied?

DNA is copied during the S phase of interphase.

What is a mutation?

A mutation is a change in the amount or structure of DNA.

Name a disorder caused by a point mutation.

Sickle cell anemia is one example of a disorder caused by a point mutation.

What disorder is caused by a chromosomal mutation?

Down syndrome is caused by a chromosomal mutation.

What are the four stages a pathogen must follow to cause disease?

Gain entry to the host, adhere to host tissues, evade the immune response, and damage host tissues.

Name four elements of the non-specific immune response.

Physical barriers (like skin and mucus), tears, HCl in the stomach, phagocytic cells.

What is the role of B cells in the immune response?

B cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity.

What cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

Describe two major differences between meiosis and mitosis.

Meiosis involves two divisions and results in four haploid cells, while mitosis involves one division and results in two diploid cells.

What is produced during the light phase of photosynthesis?

The light phase produces oxygen, protons (H+), and energized electrons.

What factors influence transpiration?

Light, temperature, humidity, and wind influence transpiration.

What health and safety precautions should be taken when growing bacterial cultures?

Wear lab coats and gloves, avoid eating/drinking, and disinfect work areas.

What is the structure of a DNA molecule?

DNA is a double helix made of two antiparallel strands with base pairing held by hydrogen bonds.

In the context of blood groups, what is the genotype of a man with blood group A whose mother is type O?

The genotype of the man is AO.

What is the probability that a child of parents with dark hair and red hair has red hair?

There is a 1 in 8 chance of the child having red hair and blue eyes.

What are the three main portals of entry for a pathogen into a host?

Mucous membranes, skin, and parenteral routes.