STS MIDTERM EXAMINATION REVIEW

Science and Technology and Society

- is an interdisciplinary course designed to examine the ways that science and technology shape, and are shaped by, our society, politics, and culture.
- It explores the conditions under which production, distribution and utilization of scientific knowledge and technological systems occur; and the effects of these processes upon the entire society.

Science

- is an evolving body of knowledge that is based on theoretical expositions and experimental and empirical activities that generates universal truths.

Technology

- is the application of science and creation of systems, processes and objects designed to help humans in their daily activities.

Society

- is the sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in to understand the nature of things and to create things.
- It is also defined as a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations (Science Daily).

The Role of Science and Technology

1. alter the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound effects on economic development;
2. key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions underpin economic advances, improvements in health systems, education and infrastructure;
3. The technological revolutions of the 21st century are emerging from entirely new sectors, based on microprocessors, tele-communications, bio-technology and nano-technology. Products are transforming business practices across the economy, as well as the lives of all who have access to their effects. The most remarkable breakthroughs will come from the interaction of insights and applications arising when these technologies converge.
4. have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries
5. differentiators between countries that are able to tackle poverty effectively by growing and developing their economies, and those that are not.
6. engine of growth
7. interventions for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy and genetic engineering

From Ancient Times to 600 BC

- Science during ancient times involved practical arts like healing practices and metal tradition. Some of the earliest records from history indicate that 3,000 years before Christ, the ancient Egyptians already had reasonably sophisticated medical practices

Imhotep

- He was renowned for his knowledge of medicine

Most historians agree that the heart of Egyptian medicine was

trial and error

Papyrus

- Egyptian medicine was considered advanced as compared with other ancient nations because of this
- is an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus plant, a reed which grows in the marshy areas around the Nile river.

Ancient Greeks

- were the early thinkers and as far as historians can tell, they were the first true scientists.
- They collected facts and observations and then used those observations to explain the natural world.

In circa 385 BC, Plato

- founded the Academy.

With Plato's student Aristotle

- begins the "scientific revolution" of the Hellenistic period culminating in the 3rd to 2nd centuries with scholars such as Eratosthenes, Euclid, Aristarchus of Samos, Hipparchus and Archimedes.

Islamic Golden Age

- was a period of cultural, economic and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the eighth century to the fourteenth century, with several contemporary scholars dating the end of the era to the fifteenth or sixteenth century.

Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809)

- period is traditionally understood to have begun during his reign.

Astronomy was useful in determining the Qibla

- which is the direction in which to pray, botany is applied in agriculture and geography enabled scientists to make accurate maps.

Al-Biruni, and Avicenna

- produced books that contain descriptions of the preparation of hundred of drugs made from medicinal plants and chemical compounds

Ancient China

gave the world the Four Great Inventions that include the compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing. These were considered as among the most important technological advances and were only known to Europe 1000 years later or during the end of the Middle ages

Four Great Inventions

compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing.

Karl Marx

- he stated that "Gunpowder, the compass, and the printing press were the three great inventions which ushered in bourgeois society. Gunpowder blew up the knightly class, the compass discovered the world market and found the colonies, and the printing press was the instrument of Protestantism and the regeneration of science in general; the most powerful lever for creating the intellectual prerequisites.

Marie Boas Hall

- coined the term Scientific Renaissance to designate the early phase of the Scientific Revolution, 1450–1630.

Peter Dear

- has argued for a two-phase model of early modern science: a Scientific Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, focused on the restoration of the natural knowledge of the ancients; and a Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, when scientists shifted from recovery to innovation.

Three men of Mainz—Gutenberg and his contemporaries Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer

- seem to have taken the final steps, casting metal type and locking it into a wooden press

The Enlightenment Period or the Age of Reason

- was characterized by radical reorientation in science, which emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith. - This period produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions

Isaac Newton

- published his “Principia Mathematica” (1686)

John Locke

- his “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (1689)—two works that provided the scientific, mathematical and philosophical toolkit for the Enlightenment’s major advances.

Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1840)

- rise of modern science and the Industrial Revolution were closely connected. - It is difficult to show any direct effect of scientific discoveries upon the rise of the textile or even the metallurgical industry in Great Britain, the home of the Industrial Revolution,but there certainly was a similarity in attitude to be found in science and nascent industry

20th Century Science: Physics and Information Age

- was an important century in the history of the sciences.
- It generated entirely novel insights in all areas of research – often thanks to the introduction of novel research methods – and it established an intimate connection between science and technology. With this connection, science is dealing now with the complexity of the real world

1953

- was an important landmark for biology with the description by Crick and Watson of the structure of DNA, the carrier of genetic information (Rosch, 2014).

Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial Revolution

- is a way of describing the blurring of boundaries between the physical, digital, and biological worlds. It’s a fusion of advances in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), 3D printing, genetic engineering, quantum computing, and other technologies.

Robotics

- refers to the design, manufacture, and use of robots for personal and commercial use. - While we’re yet to see robot assistants in every home, technological advances have made robots increasingly complex and sophisticated. They are used in fields as wide-ranging as manufacturing, health and safety, and human assistance.

Biotechnology

- harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop new technologies and products for a range of uses, including developing new pharmaceuticals and materials, more efficient industrial manufacturing processes, and cleaner, more efficient energy sources.

3D printing

- allows manufacturing businesses to print their own parts, with less tooling, at a lower cost, and faster than via traditional processes. Plus, designs can be customized to ensure a perfect fit

Spanish friar

- runs schools
-formed the first Filipino professionals

-the Royal and; -Pontifical University of Santo Tomas

The 3 highest institution of learning

Dr. Jose Rizal

-is the epitome of the Renaissance man in the Philippine context.
-He is a scientist, a doctor, an engineer a journalist, a novelist, an urban planner and a hero
-treat his blind mother
-he designed and built a water system in Dapitan

Charity hospitals

-became the breeding ground for scientific researches on pharmacy and medicine, with great focus on problems of infectious diseases, their causes and possible remedies

-became the breeding ground for scientific researches on pharmacy and medicine, with great focus on problems of infectious diseases, their causes and possible remedies

-was created and whose functions were to conduct biochemical analyses for public health and to undertake specimen examinations for clinical and medico-legal cases

Cronica de Ciencias Medicas de Filipinas

-the first scientific journal in the country
-showed the studies undertaken during that time.

natural resources of the country through: -agriculture, -mining of metals and minerals and -establishing various kinds of industries to further promote economic growth

Spaniards lengthened, they began to exploit the

19th century, Manila

has become a cosmopolitan center and modern amenities were introduced to the city.

primary agricultural exporting economy + influx of foreign capital and technology + notably sugar and hemp production

The Philippines had evolved into a _________ and this is not because of the researches undertaken on this field, but was largely because of the __________ influx of foreign capital and technology which brought modernization of some sectors,

American Period

a rapid growth of science and technology by government’s extensive public education system from elementary to tertiary schools

Philippine Normal School and University of the Philippines

-public tertiary schools -provided the needs for professionally trained Filipinos in building the government’s organization and programs.

health sector + biochemical analyses

The growth and application of science were still concentrated on the _____ health sector in the form of ___________ in hospitals.

-basic and applied research in the medical,
-agricultural and
-related sciences.

The government supported

The University of the Philippines Los Baños

opened the College of Agriculture in 1909

the University of the Philippines – Diliman

opened the Colleges of Arts, Engineering and Veterinary Medicine in 1910.

opened the Colleges of Arts, Engineering and Veterinary Medicine in 1910.

was opened four years later. (1914)

priesthood, law and medicine.

The Filipinos then prefer prestigious professions at that time like

Americans and foreigners

-The early instructors and professors in other colleges such as in the sciences and engineering

Bureau of Government Laboratories (change in Bureau of Sciences)

-It was composed of a biological laboratory, chemical laboratory, serum laboratory for the production of virus vaccine, serums and prophylactics, and a library.
- served as the primary training ground for Filipino scientists and paved the way for pioneering scientific research, most especially on the study of various tropical diseases that were prevalent during those times like leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, dengue fever, malaria and beri-beri

leprosy, tuberculosis, cholera, dengue fever, malaria and beri-beri

- served as the primary training ground for Filipino scientists and paved the way for pioneering scientific research, most especially on the study of various tropical diseases that were prevalent during those times like

Publication of the 21 Philippine Journal of Science

-another great contribution of Bureau of Science
- This scientific journal published researches done in local laboratories and reported global scientific developments that had relevance to the Philippine society.

The Bureau of Science

-became the primary research center of the Philippines until World War II.

December 8, 1933,

the National Research Council of the Philippines was established.

Commonwealth Period

-the Americans granted independence
-the Commonwealth government established

economic reliance + “The State shall promote scientific research and invention…”

Filipinos were busy in working towards _______ but acknowledge the importance and vital role of science and technology for the economic development of the country by declaring that ____________

Japanese occupation + Pacific war + 1941

The short-lived Commonwealth Government was succeeded by the ______________ when the __________________ broke out in _______

practically impossible.

The prevailing situations during the time of Commonwealth period to the Japanese regime had made developments in science and technology _____________

World War II

-ended and left Manila, the country’s capital, in ruins.

1946 the Bureau of Science

replaced by the Institute of Science and was placed under the Office of the President of the Philippines

-Lack of financial support -Experienced planning and coordination problems

Agency faced:

US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950

there is a lack of basic information which were necessities to the country's industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government

Science Act of 1958

1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the act which established the National Science Development Board (NSDB).

rebuilding the country + more state funded manual and trading schools + become the current state universities and colleges.

During this time, ___________ involved establishing ____________________ which would eventually ___________.

Caoili

“There has been little innovation in the education and training of scientists and engineers since independence in 1946. This is in part due to the conservative nature of self-regulation by the professional associations. Because of specialized training, vertical organizations by disciplines and lack of liaison between professions, professional associations have been unable to perceive the dynamic relationship between science, technology and society and the relevance of their training to Philippine conditions.

Science and Technology in the 1960s to 1990s

-During these years, the government gave greater importance to science and technology.

Section 9(1) of the 1973 Philippine Constitution

-the “advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development.”

April 6, 1968, Pres. Ferdinand Marcos

-proclaimed the 35-hectare land in Bicutan, Taguig as the site of the Philippine Science Community

1969

the government provided funds to private universities to encourage them to conduct research and create courses in science and technology

1970s

focus on science and technology was given to applied research and the main objective was to generate products and processes that were supposed to have a greater beneficial impact to the society

-Philippine Coconut Research Institute
-Philippine Textile Research Institute

Institutes under the National Science Development Board (NSDB) which includes:

Philippine Atomic Energy Commission

-another agency under NSDB, explored the uses of atomic energy for economic development.
-Pres. Marcos assisted 107 institutions in undertaking nuclear energy work by sending scientists abroad to study nuclear science and technology, and providing basic training to 482 scientists, doctors, engineers and technicians.

1972, by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 4, the National Grains Authority

was created and it was tasked to improve the rice and corn industry and thereby help in the economic development of the country.

Philippine Council for Agricultural Research

to support the progressive development of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries in the country

Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA)

-Presidential Decree No. 78, s. 1972.
-under the Department of National Defense to provide environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the people through Presidential Decree No. 78, s. 1972.

Philippine National Oil Company

-Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973
-to promote industrial and economic development through effective and efficient use of energy sources.

National Academy of Science and Technology

-Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976
-To strengthen the scientific culture in the country,
-was composed of scientists with “innovative achievement in the basic and applied sciences” who will serve as the reservoir of scientific and technological expertise for the country

1980s

science and technology was still focused on applied research.

1982

-NSDB was further reorganized into a National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) composed of four research and development Councils:

-Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development (PCARRD);

-Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development (PCIERD);

- Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD)

-National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP).

NSTA (National Science and Technology Authority)

8 research and development institutes and support agencies under it.

March 1983, Executive Order No. 889

was issued by the President which provided for the establishment of a national network of centers of excellence in basic sciences

Thus, six new institutes were created:

-National Institutes of Physics
-Chemistry
-Geological Sciences,
-Mathematical Sciences.
-Natural Sciences Research
-Biology

Scientific Career System in the Civil Service by Presidential Decree No. 901 on 19 July 1983

This is designed to attract more qualified scientists to work in government and encourage young people to pursue science degrees and careers.

1986, under the Aquino administration

National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology -giving science and technology a representation in the cabinet

Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992

science and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted. In this period, science and 24 technology was one of the top three priorities of the government towards economic recovery

Executive Order 128 signed on 30 January 1987

agency's elevation to full cabinet stature, the functions and responsibilities of DOST expanded correspondingly to include the following:
(1) Pursue the declared state policy of supporting local scientific and technological effort;
(2) Develop local capability to achieve technological self-reliance;
(3) Encourage greater private sector participation in research and development. moreover, funding for the science and technology sector was tripled from 464 million in 1986 to 1.7 billion in 199

Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

-is the premiere science and technology body in the country charged with the twin mandate of providing central direction, leadership and coordination of all scientific and technological activities, and of formulating policies, programs and projects to support national development.

The Science and Technology Master Plan

was formulated which aimed at the modernization of the production sector, upgrading research activities, and development of infrastructure for science and technological purposes.

Research and Development Plan

was also formulated to examine and determine which areas of research needed attention and must be given priority

Omnibus Investment Law

-The grants for the research and development programs

President Fidel Ramos’s term

there was a significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and technology field

In 1998,

there was an estimated 3,000 competent scientists and engineers in the Philippines. The government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking up professions related to S&T.

Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439)

-Priority for S&T personnel increased.
-The award was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who have been influential in the field of S&T.

DOST established the “Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND)”

-a program that was significant to the field of S&T.
-It identified seven export products, 11 domestic needs, three other supporting industries, and the coconut industry as priority investment areas.

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration

numerous laws and projects were implemented which concerns both the environment and science to push technology as a tool to increase the country’s economic level

“Filipinnovation”

was the coined term used in helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia.

STI (Science, Technology, and Innovations)

-was developed further by strengthening the schools and education system such as the Philippine Science High School (PSHS), which focuses in science, technology and mathematics in their curriculum.
-plays an important role in economic and social progress and is a key driver for a long-term growth of an economy

Philippines ranked 73rd out of 128 economies

in terms of Science and Technology and Innovation (STI) index, citing the country’s strength in research and commercialization of STI ideas (DOST, 2018)

Philippine Institute for Development Studies

highlighted the weak ties between innovation-driven firms and the government, and it also identified the country’s low expenditure in research and development (R&D).