BIOGAS/BIOMASS ENERGY

Fuels

are any materials that store potential energy in forms that can be practicably released and used as heat energy.

Transportation
Power Generation
Fossil Fuels Alternative

USES OF BIOFUELS

60%

More than ____ of power generated comes from fossil fuels.

Biofuel

Any hydrocarbon fuel that is produced from organic matter (living or once living material) in a short period of time (days, weeks, or even months) is considered a ________.

Biofuel

_______ are liquid fuels that have been developed from other materials such as plants or animal waste matter.

Biofuel

_______ is the fuel which is produced from organic products and wastes.

Bioethanol

______ is made from sugar, algae, wheat and sugar beet

Biodiesel

_______ is made from vegetable oil, algal lipids, animal fats.

Biomethane

_______ can be produced from waste organic material, sewage, agriculture waste and domestic wastes.

bioethanol, biodiesel, biomethane

The common commercially used biofuels are _____, ______, and ______.

1890s

In ______ Rudolf Diesel was a first person who made biodiesel from vegetable oil.

Rudolf Diesel

In 1890s ______ was a first person who made biodiesel from vegetable oil.

1970s and 1980s

In ______ and ______ environmental protection agency EPA situated in America suggested that fuel should be free from sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides.

environmental protection agency

EPA

1998

In _____ EPA allowed the production of biofuel on commercial levelwhich was the alternative source of the petrol.

sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides

In 1970s and 1980s environmental protection agency EPA situated in America suggested that fuel should be free from _____, _______ and ________.

petrol

In 1998 EPA allowed the production of biofuel on commercial level which was the alternative source of the ______.

2010

In ______ the production of biofuels reaches up to 105 billion liters worldwide.

105 billion liters

In 2010 the production of biofuels reaches up to _____ worldwide.

53%

In 2011, European countries were the largest that made biodiesel almost about _____. The international Energy Agency set a goal to reduce the usage of petroleum and coal and will be switched on to biofuels till 2050.

European

In 2011, _______ countries were the largest that made biodiesel almost about 53%. The international Energy Agency set a goal to reduce the usage of petroleum and coal and will be switched on to biofuels till 2050.

Soybean
Corn 
Sugarcane 
Sugar beet
Switchgrass
Jatropha
Camelina
Algae
Cassava
Palm Oil
Certain Fungi
Animal Fat
Agricultural wastes

BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK

Crops- finely ground- separated into their component sugar- sugars are distilled to make ethanol- can be used as alternative fuel- release CO2- CO2 was reabsorbed by the crops- then the cycle continues.

The Carbon Cycle

Cost
Source material
Renewability
Security
Economic stimulation
Lower carbon emissions

ADVANTAGES OF BIOFUELS

Production carbon emissions
High cost
Food prices
Food shortages
Water use

DISADVANTAGES OF BIOFUELS

Biofuels, fossil fuels

_______ can be defined as solid, liquid or gas fuel derived from recently dead biological material which differ it from ______ that derived from long dead biological material.

ethanol, biodiesel

Agriculture sources produce many types of agro fuel, but the two main products are: _____ and _______.

Ethanol, biodiesel

_______ is produced from sugar crops, starches and cellulose. It produced by fermentation process of materials containing sugar. While ______ is produced from soybean, oils, seed oils and fats.

Lower emissions Green gas

Renewable

Biodegradable

Safer

Advantages of Biofuels over Fossil Fuels

1st Generation Biofuels
2nd Generation Biofuels
3rd Generation Biofuels

Classification of Biofuels

conventional biofuels

1st generation biofuels are also called ______.

1st generation biofuel

They are made from things like sugar, starch, or vegetable oil. Note that these are all food products. Any biofuel made from a feedstock that can also be consumed as a human food is considered a ________.

advanced biofuels

Second generation biofuels are often called “______”

sustainable feedstock

2nd generation biofuels are produced from _______. No second generation biofuel is also a food crop, though certain food products can become second generation fuels when they are no longer useful for consumption.

3rd Generation Biofuels

Extract from algae mostly marine algae.

Bioalcohol

Biodiesel

Biobutanol

Biogas

Syngas

Solid biofuels

1st Generation Biofuels

Bioethanol

_______ is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produces in sugar or starch crops such as corn or sugarcane.

ethanol

Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for ______ production.

ethanol

Used to substitute petrol fuel for the road transport vehicles

India, 5%

_____ is 4th largest producer and the government mandated the use of a __  ethanol blend in petrol sold in nine sugarcane producing states.

Milling, Fermentation, Distillation, Dehydration

BIOETHANOL PROCESS

3, 250°C, 300°C

Fermentation process requires ____ days to complete and is carried out at a temperature of between ____ and _____.

Biodiesel

_____ is a variety of ester-based oxygenated fuels derived from natural, renewable biological sources such as vegetable oils and animal fats.

Biodiesel

_____ operates in compression ignition engines like petroleum diesel thereby requiring no essential engine modifications.

Transesterification

The Biodiesel can be prepared by ______.

80%

Biodiesel reduces carbon dioxide exhaust emissions by up to ____.

75%

Biodiesel reduces exhaust smoke (particulates) emissions by up to ____ so the usual black cloud associated with a diesel engine can be eliminated.

Feedstock- transportation- biorefinery- processing & conversion- distribution- end user- cycle continues

Biofuels life cycle

Fischer–Tropsch

_______ Process in Production of Biodiesel

Railway usage

Aircraft use

As a heating oil

Cleaning oil spills

Biodiesel in generators

Vehicles

Application of Biodiesel

fermentation process

The term biobutanol refers to butanol made from renewable resources such as grain or cornstalks by ______.

Solventogenic Clostridia

Bacteria; known as, ______ is used in biobutanol production

Butanol, ethanol

____ is more similar to gasoline than to _____.

150°C (300°F), 70°C (150°F)

Biodiesel is much less dangerous to put in vehicle fuel tank as its flash point is ± ______ as opposed to petroleum diesel ± ______.

Biodiesel

_______ provides significant lubricity improvement over petroleum diesel fuel so engines last longer, with the right additives engine performance can also be enhanced

Jatropha

_______ can be cultivated anywhere along canals, roads, railway tracks, on border of farm and even an alkaline soils.

Dec 31, 2009

Biodiesel first successful trial run of a superfast passenger train was conducted on _______.

Delhi - Amritsar Shatabdi Express

_______ used 5% of biodiesel fuel.

Gasoline
Solvent
Plasticizers
Coatings
Chemical intermediate/raw materials
Textiles
Cosmetics
Car

Biobutanol Applications

Biogas

_______ typically refers to a gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen .

Biomass

_____ is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. In the context of _____ for energy this is often used to mean plant based material, but _____ can equally apply to both animal and vegetable derived material.

biogas

It is a renewable energy source, like solar and wind energy. Furthermore, _____ can be produced from regionally available raw materials such as recycled waste.

CH4, CO2 and other gases

Biogas is consisted of a mixture of _____, _____and ______

anaerobic digestion

Biogas is produced by ______ with anaerobic bacteria of biodegradable materials such as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops. Biogas comprises primarily of methane (CH 4) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), moisture.

methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide

The gases ___, ____, and _____ can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen.

Biogas

“______is produced by the breakdown of organic waste by bacteria without oxygen anaerobic digestion.”

Thermophilic Digestion
Mesophilic Digestion

Two types of Anaerobic digestion

Thermophilic Digestion

50-60 c for 12-14 days digestion

Mesophilic Digestion

25-38 C for 14-30 Days digestion

Hydrolysis

Complex organic matter is decomposed into simple soluble organic molecules using water

Fermentation or Acidogenesis

generation of intermediary products such as short-chain fatty acids, (hydrogen producing and acetogenic organisms)

Acetogenesis

acetate production (hydrogen-producing, hydrogen-consuming acetogenic organisms)

Methanogenesis

methane production (methane-forming bacteria)

Syngas

______, also known as synthesis gas, synthetic gas or producer gas, can be produced from a variety of different materials that contain carbon. These can include biomass (wood gas), plastics, coal, municipal waste or similar materials. Historically town gas was used to provide a gas supply to many residences in Europe and other industrialized countries in the 20th Century. Gas engines utilizing syngas as a fuel can be configured in a combined heat and power configuration in order to maximize the efficiency of the system.

synthesis gas, synthetic gas, producer gas

Syngas also known as ______, _______, or ______ can be produced from a variety of different materials that contain carbon. These can include biomass (wood gas), plastics, coal, municipal waste or similar materials. Historically town gas was used to provide a gas supply to many residences in Europe and other industrialized countries in the 20th Century. Gas engines utilizing syngas as a fuel can be configured in a combined heat and power configuration in order to maximize the efficiency of the system.

gasification, pyrolysis

Syngas is created by the ______ or ______ of carbonaceous materials.

Gasification

______ involves subjecting these materials to high temperatures, in the controlled presence of oxygen with only limited combustion to provide thermal energy to sustain the reaction.

underground coal gasification (UCG).

Gasification can occur in man-made vessels, or alternatively could be conducted in-situ as in ________.