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Anatomy -
Study of the body structure.
Physiology-
Study of how the body functions
The basic units of all life -
Cells
What are the 11 body systems?
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive
Homeostasis -
Maintaining a state of internal balance within the body.
Any feedback loop must contain 3 components:
sensor, control center, effector
A sensor-
gathers information about a body's condition
An effector-
responds to the signal
A control center-
compares the sensor inputs with the set point and sends a corrective signal if necessary
Body Directional Terms -
healthcare professionals use standardized terms to designate body positions and directions.
Anatomic Position -
standing upright with face front, arms at sides with palms facing forward, and feet parallel.
Anterior and Ventral:
toward the belly surface, or front of the body
Posterior and Dorsal-
locations nearer the back
Body Cavities:
Dorsal cavity, Ventral cavity, Cranial cavity, Spinal cavity, Thoracic cavity, Abdominal cavity, Abdomio-pelvic cavity, Pelvic cavity
4 Quadrants of the Abdomen-
RUQ (right upper quadrant), LUQ (left upper quadrant), LLQ (left lower quadrant), RLQ (right lower quadrant
9 Regions of the Abdomen-
Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac,
Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar
Right Iliac, Hypogastric, Left Iliac
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
Divides body into front & back
Sagittal Plane
Divides body into left and right
Transverse Plane
Divides body into superior and inferior
Distal
Farthest from the point of origin
Proximal
Nearest to the point of origin
Superior
Upward
Inferior
Downward
Lateral
Away from the midline
Medial
Towards the midline
Homeostasis
Ability to maintain balance
Umbilical Region
Center most region of abdomen
Epigastric Region
Top Center region of abdomen
Right Iliac Region
Right Lower region of abdomen
Left Iliac Region
Left Lower region of abdomen
Hypogastric Region
Lower Center region of abdomen
Right Hypochondriac Region
Right Upper region of abdomen
Left Hypochondriac Region
Left Upper region of abdomen
Integumentary System
Includes skin, hair, sweat and oil glands, and fingernails
Skeletal System
Includes basic framework of body
Muscular System
Includes muscles, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
Endocrine System
Includes thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands
Cardiovascular System
Includes heart and blood vessels
Lymphatic System
Includes tonsils, thymus, and spleen
Respiratory System
Includes lungs, and passages to lungs
Digestive System
Includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestives, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Urinary System
Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
Negative Feedback
Main method for maintaining homeostasis
Levels of Organization
Chemicals, cells, organs, organ systems, body
Cells
Basic units of all life.
Organs-
work together to form systems
Extracellular Fluid
All fluid on the outside of cells
Intracellular Fluid
All fluid on the inside of cells
Metabolism
All life-sustaining reactions occurring within body
Catabolism
Breaking down of complex substances into simpler compounds
Anabolism
Manufacturing of simple compounds into more complex substances
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
"Energy Currency" of body that is obtained from catabolism of nutrients
Anatomic Position
Standing upright position, facing front, with arms at side and palms forward.
Anterior
Toward the front
Posterior
Toward the back
Dorsal Cavity
Contains Cranial and Spinal Cavities
Ventral Cavity
Contains Thoracic, Diaphragm, Abdominal, & Pelvic Cavities
Thoracic Cavity
Contains Lungs & Mediastinum
Mediastinum
Contains Heart
Abdominopelvic
Contains Abdominal & Pelvic Cavities
Diaphragm
Divides Thoracic Abdominal Cavities
Abdominal Cavity
Includes Stomach, Liver, & Intestines
Pelvic Cavity
Contains Reproductive organs
Cranial
Skull
Cephalic
Head
Facial
Face
Frontal
Forehead
Ocular
Eye
Oral
Mouth
Thoracic
Chest
Mammary
Breast
Upper Extremity
Brachial, Antecubital, Carpal, & Manual
Brachial
Arm
Auxillary
Armpit
Antecubital
Inner Elbow
Antebrachial
Forearm
Umbilical
Navel
Carpal
Wrist
Inguinal
Groin
Manual
Hand
Pubis
Pubic
Palmar
Palm
Femoral
Thigh
Phalangeal
Fingers & Toes
Lower Extremity
Femoral, Crural, Pedal
Patellar
Knee Cap
Crural
Leg
Pedal
Foot
Tarsal
Ankle
Parietal
Crown
Occipital
Base of Skull
Acromial
Shoulder
Cervical
Neck
Deltoid
Lateral Shoulder
Scapular
Shoulder Blade
Lumber
Small of Back
Iliac
Hip
Sacral
Sacrum
Gluteal
Buttock
Popliteal
Back of Knee