INTRODUCTION A&P 1 EXAM

Anatomy -

Study of the body structure.

Physiology-

Study of how the body functions

The basic units of all life -

Cells

What are the 11 body systems?

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

Homeostasis -

Maintaining a state of internal balance within the body.

Any feedback loop must contain 3 components:

sensor, control center, effector

A sensor-

gathers information about a body's condition

An effector-

responds to the signal

A control center-

compares the sensor inputs with the set point and sends a corrective signal if necessary

Body Directional Terms -

healthcare professionals use standardized terms to designate body positions and directions.

Anatomic Position -

standing upright with face front, arms at sides with palms facing forward, and feet parallel.

Anterior and Ventral:

toward the belly surface, or front of the body

Posterior and Dorsal-

locations nearer the back

Body Cavities:

Dorsal cavity, Ventral cavity, Cranial cavity, Spinal cavity, Thoracic cavity, Abdominal cavity, Abdomio-pelvic cavity, Pelvic cavity

4 Quadrants of the Abdomen-

RUQ (right upper quadrant), LUQ (left upper quadrant), LLQ (left lower quadrant), RLQ (right lower quadrant

9 Regions of the Abdomen-

Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac,
Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar
Right Iliac, Hypogastric, Left Iliac

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides body into front & back

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into left and right

Transverse Plane

Divides body into superior and inferior

Distal

Farthest from the point of origin

Proximal

Nearest to the point of origin

Superior

Upward

Inferior

Downward

Lateral

Away from the midline

Medial

Towards the midline

Homeostasis

Ability to maintain balance

Umbilical Region

Center most region of abdomen

Epigastric Region

Top Center region of abdomen

Right Iliac Region

Right Lower region of abdomen

Left Iliac Region

Left Lower region of abdomen

Hypogastric Region

Lower Center region of abdomen

Right Hypochondriac Region

Right Upper region of abdomen

Left Hypochondriac Region

Left Upper region of abdomen

Integumentary System

Includes skin, hair, sweat and oil glands, and fingernails

Skeletal System

Includes basic framework of body

Muscular System

Includes muscles, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

Endocrine System

Includes thyroid, pituitary, and adrenal glands

Cardiovascular System

Includes heart and blood vessels

Lymphatic System

Includes tonsils, thymus, and spleen

Respiratory System

Includes lungs, and passages to lungs

Digestive System

Includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestives, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Urinary System

Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Negative Feedback

Main method for maintaining homeostasis

Levels of Organization

Chemicals, cells, organs, organ systems, body

Cells

Basic units of all life.

Organs-

work together to form systems

Extracellular Fluid

All fluid on the outside of cells

Intracellular Fluid

All fluid on the inside of cells

Metabolism

All life-sustaining reactions occurring within body

Catabolism

Breaking down of complex substances into simpler compounds

Anabolism

Manufacturing of simple compounds into more complex substances

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

"Energy Currency" of body that is obtained from catabolism of nutrients

Anatomic Position

Standing upright position, facing front, with arms at side and palms forward.

Anterior

Toward the front

Posterior

Toward the back

Dorsal Cavity

Contains Cranial and Spinal Cavities

Ventral Cavity

Contains Thoracic, Diaphragm, Abdominal, & Pelvic Cavities

Thoracic Cavity

Contains Lungs & Mediastinum

Mediastinum

Contains Heart

Abdominopelvic

Contains Abdominal & Pelvic Cavities

Diaphragm

Divides Thoracic Abdominal Cavities

Abdominal Cavity

Includes Stomach, Liver, & Intestines

Pelvic Cavity

Contains Reproductive organs

Cranial

Skull

Cephalic

Head

Facial

Face

Frontal

Forehead

Ocular

Eye

Oral

Mouth

Thoracic

Chest

Mammary

Breast

Upper Extremity

Brachial, Antecubital, Carpal, & Manual

Brachial

Arm

Auxillary

Armpit

Antecubital

Inner Elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Umbilical

Navel

Carpal

Wrist

Inguinal

Groin

Manual

Hand

Pubis

Pubic

Palmar

Palm

Femoral

Thigh

Phalangeal

Fingers & Toes

Lower Extremity

Femoral, Crural, Pedal

Patellar

Knee Cap

Crural

Leg

Pedal

Foot

Tarsal

Ankle

Parietal

Crown

Occipital

Base of Skull

Acromial

Shoulder

Cervical

Neck

Deltoid

Lateral Shoulder

Scapular

Shoulder Blade

Lumber

Small of Back

Iliac

Hip

Sacral

Sacrum

Gluteal

Buttock

Popliteal

Back of Knee